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west-south-west direction and parallel to one another, are the steep barren ranges of Ventoux, Vaucluse and Luba-on, consisting of limestones and sandstones. The first-mentioned, which is the most northerly, has a maxi-mum See also:

ELEVATION

elevation of 6273 ft.; the culminating See also:

PEAK, THE

peak, on which is a meteorological See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory, is isolated and majestic. The Vaucluse See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain does not rise above 4075 ft. The most southerly range, that of Luberon (3691 ft.), is rich in palaeontological remains of extant mammals (the See also:

lion, gazelle, See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, &c.). The Rhone is joined on the See also:

LEFT

left by the Aygues, the Sorgue (rising in See also:

PETRARCH (1304-1374)

Petrarch's celebrated See also:

FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain of Vaucluse, which has given its name to the department), and the impetuous Durance. The Sorgue has an important tributary in the Ouveze and the Durance in the Coulon (or Calavon).

These and other streams feed the numerous See also:

IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation canals (See also:

Canal de Pierrelatte, Canal de Carpentras, &c.) to which is largely due the success of the farmers and See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardeners of the department. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is that of the Mediterranean region. The valley of the Rhone suffers from the See also:

mistral, a See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and violent See also:

wind from N.N.W.; but the other valleys are sheltered by the mountains, and produce the oleander, See also:

POMEGRANATE

pomegranate, See also:

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive, See also:

JUJUBE

jujube, fig, and other See also:

SOUTHERN

southern trees and shrubs. The mean See also:

ANNUAL

annual temperature is 55° F. at Orange and 58° at See also:

AVIGNON

Avignon; the extremes of temperature are 5° and 1os° F. See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow is rare. The south wind, which is frequent in summer, brings See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain. The See also:

AVERAGE

average annual rainfall is 29 in. in the See also:

hill region and 22 in the plains. See also:

Wheat, potatoes, and oats are the most important crops; See also:

SUGAR

sugar-See also:

BEET

beet, See also:

SORGHUM

sorghum, See also:

millet, See also:

RAMIE (RHEA, CHINA-GRASS)

ramie, See also:

early vegetables and fruits, among which may be mentioned the melons of Cavaillon, are also cultivated, and to these must be added the See also:

VINE

vine, olive and mulberry. The truffles of the regions of See also:

Apt and Carpentras. and the fragrant herbs of the Ventoux range, are renowned. See also:

Sheep are the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal live-stock, and mules are also numerous. See also:

LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

Lignite and See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur are See also:

MINED

mined; rich deposits of See also:

GYPSUM

gypsum, See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

clay, ochre, &c., are worked. Montmirail has See also:

MINERAL

mineral springs of some repute.

The See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments include See also:

SILK

silk See also:

mills, silk-See also:

SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning factories, oil mills, See also:

FLOUR

flour mills, See also:

paper mills, See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-spinning factories, See also:

CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery establishments. manufactories of pottery, earthenware, bricks, mosaics, tinned provisions, chemicals, candles, See also:

SOAP

soap and hats, breweries, puddling See also:

WORKS

works, See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper foundries, See also:

CABINET

cabinet workshops, blast furnaces, sawmills, edge-See also:

TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool workshops and nursery gardens. Coarse See also:

CLOTH

cloth. carpets, blankets, and ready-made clothes are also produced. The department is served by the See also:

Paris-See also:

Lyon-Mediterranee railway, and the Rhone is navigable for 40 M. within it. It is divided into 4 arrondissements (Avignon, Apt, Carpentras and Orange), 22 cantons and 150 communes. Avignon, the See also:

capital, is the seat of an See also:

arch-See also:

bishop. The department belongs to the region of the XV. See also:

army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and to the academie (educational circumscription) of See also:

Aix, and has its See also:

APPEAL

appeal See also:

court at See also:

Nimes. Avignon, Apt, Carpentras, Cavaillon, Orange and See also:

VAISON

Vaison, the most noteworthy towns, are treated separately, and the interesting See also:

abbey of Senanque, of Romanesque See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture. Other places of See also:

INTEREST

interest are Gordes, with a See also:

TOWN

town See also:

hall of See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance architecture; Pernes, which has a See also:

church of the 11th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval fortifications; La Tour d'Aigues, with See also:

FINE

fine ruins of the Renaissance See also:

CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of the barons of Central Bonnieux, near which there is a See also:

BRIDGE

bridge of the 2nd or 3rd century over the Calavon; Venasque, of Gallo-See also:

ROMAN

Roman or even earlier origin, with a See also:

BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery of the 8th or 9th century; and Le See also:

THOR

Thor, with a fine church in the Provencal Romanesque See also:

style.

End of Article: VAUCLUSE

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