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Chinese, who distinguish them by the shape and size of their fruits, which are not only much valued as dessert fruit in China, but are also occasionally exported to See also:

England. As seen in See also:

commerce jujube fruits are about the size of a small filbert, having a reddish-brown, shining, somewhat wrinkled exterior, and a yellow or gingerbread coloured pulp enclosing a hard elongated See also:

stone. The fruits of Zizyphus do not enter into the composition of the lozenges now known as jujubes which are usually made of gum-arabic, See also:

GELATIN, or GELATINE

gelatin, &c., and variously flavoured, JU-JUTSU or JIU-JITSU (a Chino-See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

TERM

term, meaning muscle-See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science), the Japanese method of offence and See also:

defence without weapons in See also:

PERSONAL

personal encounter, upon which is founded the See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

PHYSICAL

physical culture universal in Japan. Some historians assert that it was founded by a Japanese physician who learned its rudiments while studying in China, but most writers maintain that ju-jutsu was in See also:

COMMON

common use in Japan centuries earlier, and that it was known in the 7th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.c. Originally it was an See also:

art practised solely by the See also:

NOBILITY

nobility, and particularly by the samurai who, possessing the right, denied to commoners, of carrying swords, were thus enabled to show their superiority over common See also:

PEOPLE

people even when without weapons. It was a See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret art, jealously guarded from those not privileged to use it, until the feudal system was abandoned in Japan, and now ju-jutsu is taught in the See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, as well as in public and private gymnasia. In the See also:

army, See also:

NAVY

navy and See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police it receives particular See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention. About the beginning of the aoth century, masters of the art began to attract attention in Europe and See also:

AMERICA

America, and schools were established in See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the See also:

UNITED

United States, as well as on the See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of Europe. Ju-jutsu may be briefly defined as " an application of anatomical knowledge to the purpose of offence and defence. It differs from See also:

WRESTLING (O. Eng. wrcestlian)

wrestling in that it does not depend upon See also:

MUSCULAR

muscular strength.

It differs from the other forms of attack in that it uses no weapon. Its feat consists in clutching or striking such See also:

PART

part of an enemy's See also:

BODY

body as will make him numb and incapable of resistance. Its See also:

OBJECT

object is not to kill, but to incapacitate one for See also:

ACTION

action for the time being " (Inazo Nitobe, See also:

BUSHIDO (Japanese for " military-knight-ways ")

Bushido: the Soul of Japan). Many writers translate the term ju-jutsu " to conquer by yielding " (See also:

Jap. ju, pliant), and this phrase well expresses a salient characteristic of the art, since the See also:

WEIGHT

weight and strength of the opponent are employed to his own undoing. When, for example, a big See also:

man rushes at a smaller opponent, the smaller man, instead of seeking to oppose strength to strength, falls backwards or sidewise, pulling his heavy adversary after him and taking See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of his loss of See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance to gain some See also:

lock or hold known to the science. This See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of yielding in order to conquer is thus referred to in Lafcadio See also:

HEARN, LAFCADIO (1850-1904)

Hearn's Out of the See also:

East: " In jiu-jitsu there is a sort of See also:

COUNTER

counter for every twist, wrench, pull, push or See also:

BEND

bend: only the jiu-jitsu See also:

EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert does not oppose such movements. No; he yields to them. But he does much more than that. He See also:

AIDS

aids them with a wicked sleight that causes the assailant to put out his own See also:

SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder, to fracture his own See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, or, in a desperate case, even to break his own See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck or back." 4 The knowledge of See also:

anatomy mentioned by Nitobe is acquired in order that the combatant may know the weak parts of his adversary's body and attack them. Several of these sensitive places, for instance the partially exposed See also:

NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve in the See also:

ELBOW

elbow popularly known as the " funny-See also:

bone " and the complex of nerves over the See also:

STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach called the See also:

SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar plexus, are See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to the See also:

EUROPEAN

European, but the ju-jutsu expert is acquainted with many others which, when compressed, struck, or pinched, cause temporary See also:

PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis of a more or less See also:

COMPLETE

complete nature. Such places are the arm-See also:

PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit, the See also:

ANKLE

ankle and See also:

WRIST

wrist bones, the tendon See also:

RUNNING

running downward from the See also:

EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear, the " See also:

Adam's See also:

APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple," and the nerves of the upper arm. In serious fighting almost any hold or attack is resorted to, and a broken or badly sprained See also:

LIMB

limb is the least that can befall the victim; but in the practice of the art as a means of physical culture the knowledge of the different grips is assumed on both sides, as well as the danger of resisting too long.

For this See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the combatant, when he feels himself on the point of being disabled, is instructed to See also:

SIGNAL

signal his See also:

ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of defeat by striking the See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor with See also:

hand or See also:

FOOT

foot. The bout then ends and both combatants rise and begin afresh. It will be seen that a victory in ju-jutsu does not mean that the opponent shall be placed in some particular position, as in wrestling, but in any position in which his See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment or knowledge tells him that, unless he yields, he will suffer a disabling injury. This difference existed between the wrestling and the pancratium of the Olympic See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games. In the pancratium the fight went on until one combatant acknowledged defeat, but, although many a man allowed himself to be beaten into insensibility rather than suffer this humiliation, it was nevertheless held to be a disgrace to kill an opponent. A See also:

MODERN

modern bout at ju-jutsu usually begins by the combatants taking hold with both hands upon the collars of each other's jackets or kimonos, after which, upon the word to start being given, the manoeuvring for an advantageous grip begins by pushes, pulls, jerks, falls, grips or other movements. Once the wrist, ankle, neck, arm or See also:

leg of an assailant is firmly grasped so that added force will dislocate it, there is nothing for the seized man to do, in case he is still on his feet, but go to the floor, often being thrown clean over his opponent's See also:

head. A fall of this kind does not necessarily mean defeat, for the struggle proceeds upon the floor, where indeed most of the combat takes place, and the ju-jutsu expert receives a long training in the art of falling with-out injury. Blows are delivered, not with the fist, but with the open hand, the exterior edge of which is hardened by exercises. The physical training necessary to produce expertness is the most valuable feature of ju-jutsu. The system includes a See also:

LIGHT

light and nourishing See also:

DIET

diet, plenty of See also:

SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, deep-breathing exercises, an abundance of fresh See also:

air and See also:

general moderation in habits, in addition to the actual gymnastic exercises for the purpose of muscle-See also:

BUILDING

building and the cultivation of agility of See also:

eye and mind as well as of body. It is practised by both sexes in Japan.

Many attempts have been made in England and America to match ju-jutsu experts against wrestlers, mostly of the " catchas-catch can " school, but these trials have, almost without exception, proved unsatisfactory, since many of the most efficacious tricks of ju-jutsu, such as the strangle holds and twists of wrists and ankles, are accounted foul in wrestling. Nevertheless the Japanese athletes, even when obliged to forgo these, have usually proved more than a match for European wrestlers of their own weight. See H. See also:

Irving See also:

Hancock's Japanese Physical Training (1904); Physical Training for See also:

WOMEN

Women by Japanese Methods (19o4); The Complete See also:

KANO

Kano Jiu-jitsu (Jiudo) (1905); M. Ohashi, Japanese Physical Culture (1904) ; K. Saito, Jiu-jitsu Tricks (19o5).very scanty See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population and no important See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry beyond the breeding of a few goats and the See also:

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-bearing See also:

chinchilla. There are two large saline lagoons: See also:

TORO

Toro, or Pozuelos, in the N., and Casabindo, or Guayatayoc, in the S. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is cool, dry and healthy, with violent tempests in the summer See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season. (For a vivid description of this interesting region, see F. O'Driscoll, " A See also:

JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

Journey to the North of the See also:

ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic," Geogr. Jour. See also:

XXIV

xxiv. 1904.) The agricultural productions of See also:

JUJUY

Jujuy include sugar See also:

CANE

cane, See also:

wheat, See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

corn, See also:

ALFALFA

alfalfa and grapes.

The breeding of See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and mules for the Bolivian and Chilean markets is an old industry. See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

Coffee has been grown in the See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Ledesma, but only to a limited extent. There are also valuable See also:

FOREST

forest areas and undeveloped See also:

MINERAL

mineral deposits. Large See also:

BORAX (sodium pyroborate or sodium biborate)

borax deposits are worked in the See also:

NORTHERN

northern part of the See also:

province, the out-put in 1901 having been 8000 tons. The province is traversed from S. to N. by the Central Northern railway, a See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

government See also:

LINE

line, which has been extended to the Bolivian frontier. It passes through the See also:

capital and up the picturesque Humahuaca valley, and promises, under capable management, to be an important See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

international line, affording an outlet for southern See also:

BOLIVIA

Bolivia. The climate of the See also:

LOWER

lower agricultural districts is tropical, and See also:

IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation is employed in some places in the long dry season. The capital, Jujuy (estimated pop. 1905, 5000), is situated on the Rio Grande at the lower end of the Humahuaca valley, 942 M. from Buenos Aires by See also:

RAIL

rail. It was founded in 1593 and is 4035 ft. above See also:

sea-level. It has a mild, temperate climate and picturesque natural surroundings, and is situated on the old route between Bolivia and See also:

Tucuman, but its growth has been slow.

End of Article: JUJUBE

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