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AIDS

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Originally appearing in Volume V01, Page 436 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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AIDS , a See also:

term of See also:medieval See also:finance, were See also:part of the service due to a See also:lord from his men, and appear to have been based upon the AIDS 435 principle that they ought to assist him in See also:special emergency or need. The occasions for demanding them and the amount to be demanded would thus be matters of dispute, while the loose use of the term to denote many different payments in-creases the difficulty of the subject. Both in See also:Normandy and in See also:England, in the 12th See also:century, the two recognized occasions on which, by See also:custom, the lord could demand " aid," were (I) the knighting of his eldest son, (2) the See also:marriage of his eldest daughter; but while in England the third occasion was, according to See also:Glanvill, as in Normandy, his See also:payment of " See also:relief " on his See also:succession, it was, according to the See also:Great See also:Charter (1215), the lord's See also:ransom from captivity. By its provisions, the See also:king covenanted to exact an " aid " from m his barons on these three occasions alone—and then only a " See also:reason-able " one—except by " the See also:common counsel " of his See also:realm. Enormous importance has been attached to this See also:provision, as establishing the principle of See also:taxation by consent, but its See also:scope was limited to the barons (and the See also:city of See also:London), and the word " aids " was omitted from subsequent issues of the charter. The barons, on their part, covenanted to claim from their feudal tenants only the above three customary aids. The'last See also:levy by the See also:crown was that of See also:James I. on the knighting of his eldest son (1609) and the marriage of his daughter (1613). From at least the days of See also:Henry I. the term " aid" was also applied (1) to the special contributions of boroughs to the king's See also:revenue, (2) to a payment in lieu of the military service due from the crown's knights. Both these occur on the See also:pipe See also:roll of 1130, the latter as auxilium militum (and possibly as. auxilium comitalus). The See also:borough " aids " were alternatively known as " gifts " (dona), resembling in this the " benevolences " of later days. When first met with, under Henry I., they are fixed See also:round sums, but under Henry II. (as the See also:Dialogue on the See also:Exchequer explains) they were either assessed on a See also:population basis by crown See also:officers or were sums offered by the towns and accepted by them as sufficient.

In the latter See also:

case the townsfolk were collectively responsible for the amount. The Great Charter, as stated above, extended specially to London the See also:limitation on, baronial " aids," but See also:left untouched its liability to See also:tallage, a See also:lower and more arbitrary See also:form of taxation, which the towns shared with the crown's See also:demesne manors, and which London resisted in vain. The two exactions, although distinct, have to be studied together, and when in 1296-1297 See also:Edward I. was forced to his great surrender, he was formerly supposed by historians to have pledged himself, under De tallagio non concedendo, to levy no tallage or aid except by common consent of his See also:people. It is now held, however, that he limited this See also:con-cession to " aides, raises," and " prises," retaining the right to tallage. Eventually, by a See also:statute of 1340, it was provided that the nation should not be called upon " to make any common aid or sustain See also:charge " except by consent of See also:parliament. The aids spoken of at this See also:period are of yet another See also:character, namely, the See also:grant of a certain proportion of all " movables " (i.e. See also:personal See also:property), a form of taxation introduced about 1188 and now rapidly increasing in importance. These subsidies were conveniently classed under the vague term " aids," as were also the grants made by the See also:clergy in See also:convocation, the term covering both feudal and non-feudal levies from the higher clergy and proportions not only of " movables " but of ecclesiastical revenues as well. The " See also:knight's aid " of 1130 spoken of above is probably identical with auxilium exercitus spoken of in the See also:oldest custumals of Normandy, where the phrase appears to represent what was known in England as " See also:scutage." Even in England the phrase " quando Rex accipit auxilium de militibus" occurs in 1166 and appears to be loosely used for scutage. The same loose use enabled the See also:early barons to demand " aid" from their tenants on various grounds, such as their indebtedness to the See also:Jews, as is well seen in the See also:Norfolk fragments of returns to the See also:Inquest of Sheriffs (1170). See also:Sheriff's aid was a See also:local payment of a fixed 'nature paid in early days to the sheriff for his service. 'It was the subject of a hot dispute between Henry II. and See also:Becket in 1163. coupled with his connexion with the See also:Richelieu See also:family, gave him an important See also:place at See also:court.

He was a member of the so-called parti devot, the See also:

faction opposed to Madame de See also:Pompadour, to the Jansenists and to the See also:parlement, and his hostility to the new ideas See also:drew upon him the anger of the pamphleteers. In 1753 he was appointed commandant (See also:governor) of See also:Brittany and soon became unpopular in that See also:province, which had retained a large number of privileges called " liberties." He first came into collision with the provincial estates on the question of the royal imposts (1758), but was then blamed for his inertia in the preparation of a See also:squadron against England (1759), and finally alienated the parlement of Brittany by violating the privileges of the province (1762). In See also:June 1764 the king, at the instance of d'See also:Aiguillon, quashed a See also:decree of the parlement for-bidding the levying of new imposts without the consent of the estates, and refused to receive the remonstrances of the parlement against, the See also:duke. On the 11th of See also:November 1765 La Chalotais, the procureur of the parlement, was arrested, but whether at the instigation of d'Aiguillon is not certain. The conflict between d'Aiguillon and the Bretons lasted two years. In the place of the parlement, which had resigned, d'Aiguillon organized a tribunal of more or less competent See also:judges, who were ridiculed by the pamphleteers and ironically termed the bailliage d'Aiguillon. In 1768 the duke - was forced to suppress this tribunal, and returned to court, where he resumed his intrigue with the parti devot and finally obtained the dismissal of the See also:minister See also:Choiseul (See also:December 24, 1770). When See also:Louis XV., acting on the See also:advice of Madame Dubarry, reorganized the See also:government with a view to suppressing the resistance of the parlements, d'Aiguillon was made minister of See also:foreign affairs, See also:Maupeou and the See also:Abbe Terray (1715-1778) also obtaining places in the See also:ministry. The new ministry, albeit one of reform, was very unpopular, and was styled the " triumvirate." All the failures of the government were attributed to the mistakes of the ministers. Thus d'Aiguillon was blamed for having provoked the coup d'etat of Gustavus III., king of See also:Sweden, in 1772, although the instructions of the See also:comte de See also:Vergennes, the See also:French See also:ambassador in Sweden, had been written by the minister, the duc de la Vrilliere. D'Aiguillon, however, could do nothing to rehabilitate French See also:diplomacy; he acquiesced in the first See also:division of See also:Poland, renewed the Family Compact, and, although a supporter of the See also:Jesuits, sanctioned the suppression of the society. After the See also:death of Louis XV. he quarrelled with Maupeou and with the See also:young See also:queen, See also:Marie Antoinette, who demanded his dismissal from the ministry (1774).

He died, forgotten, in 1782. In no circumstances had he shown any special ability. He was more fitted for intrigue than for government, and his attempts to restore the status of French diplomacy met with scant success. See Memoires du ministere du duc d'Aiguillon (3rd ed., See also:

Paris and See also:Lyons, 1792), probably written by J. L. Soulavie. On d'Aiguillon's governorship of Brittany see Carre, La Chalotais et he duc d'Aiguillon (Paris, 1893); See also:Marion, La Bretagne et le duc d'Aiguillon (Paris, 1898) ; and See also:Barthelemy Pocquet, Le Duc d'Aiguillon et La Chalotais (Paris, 1901-1902). The three last have full See also:bibliographies. See also Flammermont, Le Chancelier Maupeou et See also:les parlements (Paris, 1883) ; See also:Frederic See also:Masson, Le See also:Cardinal de Bernie (Paris, 1884).

End of Article: AIDS

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