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See also:MAUPEOU, RENE See also:NICOLAS See also:CHARLES AUGUSTIN (1714-1792) , See also:chancellor of See also:France, was See also:born on the 25th of See also:February 1714, being the eldest son of Rene Charles de Maupeou (1688-1775), who was See also:president of the See also:parlement of See also:Paris from 1743 to 1757. He married in 1744 a See also:rich heiress, See also:Anne de Roncherolles, a See also:cousin of Madame d'See also:Epinay. Entering public See also:life, he was his See also:father's right See also:hand in the conflicts between the parlement and Christophe de See also:Beaumont, See also:archbishop of Paris, who was sup-ported by the See also:court., Between 1763 and 1768, See also:dates which See also:cover the revision of the See also:case of See also:Jean See also:Calas and the trial of the See also:comte de See also:Lally, Maupeou was himself president of the parlement. In 1768, through the See also:protection of See also:Choiseul, whose fall two years later was in large measure his See also:work, he became chancellor in See also:succession to his father, who had held the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office for a few days only. He determined to support the royal authority against the parlement, which in See also:league with the provincial magistratures was seeking to arrogate to itself the functions of the states-See also:general. He allied himself with the duc d'See also:Aiguillon and Madame du See also:Barry, and secured for a creature of his own, the See also:Abbe Terrai, the office of See also:comptroller-general. The struggle came over the trial of the case of the duc d'Aiguillon, ex-See also:governor of See also:Brittany, and of La Chalotais, procureur-general of the See also:province, who had been imprisoned by the governor for accusations against his See also:administration. When, the parlement showed signs of hostility against Aiguillon, Maupeou read letters patent from See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XV. annulling the proceedings. Louis replied to remonstrances from the parlement by a lit de See also:justice, in which he demanded the surrender of the minutes of See also:procedure. On the 27th of See also:November 1770 appeared the Edit de reglement et de discipline, which was promulgated by the chancellor, forbidding the See also:union of the various branches of the parlement and See also:correspondence with the provincial magistratures. It also made a strike on the See also:part of the parlement punishable by See also:confiscation of goods, and forbade further obstruction to the See also:registration of royal decrees after the royal reply had been given to a first remonstrance. This See also:edict the magistrates refused to See also:register, and it was registered in a lit de justice held at See also:Versailles on the 7th of See also:December, whereupon the parlement suspended its functions. After five summonses to return to their duties, the magistrates were surprised individually on the See also:night of the 19th of See also:January 1711 by musketeers, who required them to sign yes or no to a further See also:request to return. See also:Thirty-eight magistrates gave an affirmative See also:answer, but on the See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile of their former colleagues by lettres de cachet they retracted, and were also exiled. Maupeou installed the See also:council of See also:state to administer justice pending the See also:establishment of six See also:superior courts in the provinces, and of a new parlement in Paris. The tour See also:des aides was next suppressed.
See also:Voltaire praised this revolution, applauding the suppression of the old hereditary magistrature, but in general Maupeou's policy was regarded as the See also:triumph of tyranny. The remonstrances of the princes, of the nobles, and of the See also:minor courts, were met by exile and suppression, but by the end of 1771 the new See also:system was established, and the See also:Bar, which had offered a passive resistance, recommenced to plead. But the See also:death of Louis XV. in May 1774 ruined the chancellor. The restoration of the parlements was followed by a renewal of the quarrels between the new See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king and the magistrature. Maupeou and Terrai were replaced by See also:Malesherbes and See also:Turgot. Maupeou lived in See also:retreat until his death at Thuit on the 29th of See also:July 1792, having lived to see the overthrow of the ancien regime. His work, in so far as it was directed towards the separation of the judicial and See also:political functions and to the reform of the abuses attaching to a hereditary magistrature, was subsequently endorsed by the Revolution; but no See also:justification of his violent methods or See also:defence of his intriguing and avaricious See also:character is possible. He aimed at securing See also:absolute See also:power for Louis XV., but his See also:action was in reality a serious See also:blow to the See also:monarchy.
The See also:chief authority for the administration of Maupeou is the compte rendu in his own justification presented by him to Louis XVI. in 1789, which included a dossier of his speeches and edicts, and is preserved in the Bibliotheque nationale. These documents, in the hands of his former secretary, C. F. See also:Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, formed the basis of the judicial system of France as established under the consulate (cf. C. F. Lebrun, Opinions, rapports et choix d'ecrits politiques, published posthumously in 1829). See further Maupeouana (6 vols., Paris, 1775), which contains the See also:pamphlets directed against him; See also:Journal hist. de la revolution operee . . . See also:par M. de Maupeou (7 vols., 1775) ; the See also:official correspondence of See also:Mercy-Argenteau, the letters of Mme d'Epinay; and Jules Flammermont, Le Chancelier Maupeou et See also:les parlements (1883).
End of Article: MAUPEOU, RENE NICOLAS CHARLES AUGUSTIN (1714-1792)
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