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See also:MALESHERBES, CHRETIEN See also:GUILLAUME DE See also:LAMOIGNON DE (1721-1794) , commonly known as Lamoignon-Malesherbes, See also:French statesman, See also:minister, and afterwards counsel for the See also:defence of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVI., came of a famous legal See also:family. He was See also:born at See also:Paris on the 6th of See also:December 1721, and was educated for the legal profession. The See also:young lawyer soon proved his intellectual capacity, when he was appointed See also:president of the cour See also:des aides in the See also:parlement of Paris in 1750 on the promotion of his See also:father, Guillaume de Lamoignon, to be See also:chancellor. One of the chancellor's duties was to See also:control the See also:press, and this See also:duty was entrusted to Malesherbes by his father during his eighteen years of See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, and brought him into connexion with the public far more than his judicial functions. To carry it out efficiently he kept in communication with the See also:literary leaders of Paris, and especially with See also:Diderot, and See also:Grimm even goes so far as to say that " without the assistance of Malesherbes the Encyclopedia would probably never have been published." In 1771 he was called upon to mix in politics; the parlements of See also:France had been dissolved, and a new method of administering See also:justice devised by See also:Maupeou, which was in itself commendable as tending to the better and quicker See also:administration of justice, but pernicious as exhibiting a tendency to over-centralization, and as abolishing the hereditary " See also:nobility of the robe," which, with See also:ali its faults, had from its nature preserved some See also:independence, and been a check on the royal See also:power. Malesherbes presented a strong remonstrance against the new See also:system, and was at once banished to his See also:country seat at St Lucie, to be recalled, however, with the old parlement on the See also:accession of Louis XVI., and to be made minister of the maison du roi in 1775. He only" held office nine months, during which, however, he directed his See also:attention to the See also:police of the See also:kingdom, which came under his See also:department, and did much to check the odious practice of issuing lettres de cachet. The protest of the cour des aides in 1775 is one of the most important documents of the old regime in France. It gives a See also:complete survey of the corrupt and inefficient administration, and presented the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king with most outspoken See also:criticism. On retiring from the See also:ministry with See also:Turgot in 1776, he betook himself entirely to a happy country and domestic See also:life and travelled through See also:Switzerland, See also:Germany and See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland. An See also:essay on See also:Protestant marriages (1787) did much to procure for them the See also:civil recognition in France. He had always been an enthusiastic botanist; his See also:avenue at St Lucie was See also:world famous; he had written against See also:Buffon on behalf of the botanists whom Buffon had attacked, and had been elected a member of the See also:Academic des sciences as far back as 1750. He was now elected a member of the Academia francaise, and everything seemed to promise a quiet and peaceful old See also:age spent in the bosom of his family and occupied with scientific and literary pursuits, when the king in his difficulties wished for the support of his name, and summoned him back to the ministry in 1787. Lamoignon-Malesherbes held office but a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, but returned to his country life this time with a feeling of insecurity and disquiet, and, as the troubles increased, retired to Switzerland. Nevertheless, in December 1792, in spite of the See also:fair excuse his old age and See also:long retirement would have given him, he voluntarily See also:left his See also:asylum and under-took with See also:Tronchet and Deseze the defence of the king before the See also:Convention, and it was his painful task to break the See also:news of his condemnation to the king. After this effort he returned once more to the country, but in December 1793 he was arrested with his daughter, his son-in-See also:law M. de Rosambo, and his See also:grand-See also:children, and on the 23rd of See also:April 1794 he was guillotined, after having seen all whom he loved in the world executed before his eyes for their relationship to him. Malesherbes is one of the
sweetest characters of the 18th See also:century; though no See also:man of See also:action, hardly a man of the world, by his charity and unfeigned goodness he became one of the most popular men in France, and it was an See also:act of truest self-devotion in him to See also:sacrifice himself for a king who had done little or nothing for him.
There are in See also:print several scientific See also:works of Malesherbes of varying value, of which the most interesting is his Observations sur Buffon et See also:Daubenton, written when he was very young, and published with a See also:notice by Abeille in 1798. There exist also his Memoire pour Louis XVI., his Memoire sur la liberte de la presse (published 1809) and extracts from his remonstrances, published as fEuvres choisies de Malesherbes in 1809. For his life should be read the Notice historique (3rd ed., 1806) of See also:Dubois, the .loge historique (1805) of See also:Gaillard, and the interesting Essai sur la See also:vie, See also:les ecrits et les opinions de M. de Malesherbes (in 2 vols., 1818), of F. A. de See also:Boissy d'Anglas. There are also many eloges on him in print, of which the best-known is that of M. See also:Dupin, which was delivered at the See also:Academy in 1841, and was reviewed with much See also:light on Malesherbes's control of the press by Sainte-Beuve in the 2nd See also:volume of the Causeries du lundi. The protest of the tour des aides has been published with See also:translation by G. See also:- ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
- ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
- ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
- ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
- ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
- ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
- ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)
Robinson in the See also:Translations and Reprints of the University o See also:Pennsylvania (1900). For his defence of Louis XVI. see See also:Marquis
e Beaucourt, Captivite et derniers moments de Louis XVI. (2 vols., 1892, See also:Soc. d'hist. contemp.), and A. Tuetey, Repertoire See also:general des See also:sources manuscrites de l'hist. de Paris See also:pendant la Rev. fr., vol. viii. (1908).
End of Article: MALESHERBES, CHRETIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE (1721-1794)
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