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See also:POMPADOUR, JEANNE ANTOINETTE See also:POISSON LE NORMANT D'ETIOLES, MARQUISE DE (1721-1764), See also:mistress of 'See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XV., was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 29th of See also:December 1721, and baptized as the legitimate daughter of See also:Francois Poisson, an officer in the See also:household of the See also:duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, and his wife, Madeleine de la. Motte, in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St Eustache; but shewas suspected, as well as her See also:brother, afterwards See also:marquis of See also:Marigny, to be the See also:child of a very wealthy financier and See also:farmer-See also:general of the revenues, Le Normant de Tournehem. He at any See also:rate took upon himself the See also:charge of her See also:education; and, as from the beauty and wit she showed from childhood she seemed to be born for some uncommon destiny, he declared her " un morceau de roi," and specially educated her to be a See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's mistress. This See also:idea was confirmed in her childish mind by the prophecy of an old woman, whom in after days she pensioned for the correctness of her prediction. In 1741 she was married to a See also:nephew of her See also:protector and See also:guardian, Le Normant d'Etioles, who was passionately in love with her, and she soon became a See also:queen of See also:fashion. Yet the See also:world of the financiers at Paris was far apart from the See also:court world, where she wished to reign; she' could get no introduction at court, and could only try to catch the king's See also:eye when he went out See also:hunting. But Louis XV. was then under the See also:influence of Mme de See also:Mailly, who carefully prevented any further intimacy with " la petite Etioles," and it was not until after her See also:death that the king met the See also:fair queen of the See also:financial world of Paris at a See also:ball given by the See also:city to the dauphin in 1744i and he was immediately subjugated. She at once gave up her See also:husband, and in 1745 was established at See also:Versailles as " maitresse en titre." Louis XV. bought her the See also:estate of Pompadour, from which she took her See also:title of marquise (raised in 1752 to that of duchess). She was hardly established firmly in See also:power before she showed that ambition rather than love had guided her, and began to mix in politics. Knowing that the See also:French See also:people of that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time were ruled by the See also:literary See also:kings of the time, she paid court to them, and tried to See also:play the See also:part of a See also:Maecenas. See also:Voltaire was her poet in See also:chief, and the founder of the physiocrats, See also:Quesnay, was her physician. In the arts she was even more successful; she was herself no mean etcher and engraver, and she encouraged and protected See also:Vanloo, See also:Boucher, See also:Vien, See also:Greuze, and the engraver Jacques Guay. Yet this policy did not prevent her from being lampooned, and the famous poissardes against her contributed to the ruin of many wits suspected.of being among the authors, and notably of the See also:Comte de See also:Maurepas. The command of the See also:political situation passed entirely into her hands; she it was who brought Belle-Isle into See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office with his vigorous policy; she corresponded regularly with the generals of the armies in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, as her letters to the Comte de Clermont prove; and she introduced the See also:Abbe de See also:Bernis into the See also:ministry in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to effect a very See also:great alteration of French politics in 1756. , The continuous policy of See also:France since the days of See also:Richelieu had been to weaken the See also:house of See also:Austria by alliances in See also:Germany; but Mme de Pompadour changed this hereditary policy because See also:Frederick the Great wrote scandalous verses on her; and because Maria See also:Theresa wrote her a friendly See also:letter she entered into an See also:alliance with Austria. This alliance brought on the Seven Years' See also:War, with all its disasters, the See also:battle of Rosbach and the loss of See also:Canada; but Mme de Pompadour persisted in her policy, and, when Bernis failed her, brought See also:Choiseul into office and' supported hini in all his great plans, the Pacte ' de Famille, the suppression of the See also:Jesuits, and the See also:peace of Versailles. But it was to See also:internal politics that this remarkable woman paid most See also:attention; no one obtained office except through her; in See also:imitation of Mme de See also:Maintenon, she prepared all business for the king's eye with the ministers, and contrived that they should meet in her See also:room; and she daily examined the letters sent through the See also:post office with Janelle, the director of the post, office. By this continuous labour she made herself indispensable to Louis. Yet,' when after a See also:year or two she had lost the See also:heart of her See also:lover, she had a difficult task before her; to maintain her influence she had not only to See also:save the king as much trouble as possible, but to find him fresh pleasures. When he first began to weary of her she remembered her See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent for acting and her private theatricals at Etioles, and established the " See also:theatre See also:des petits cabinets," in which she acted with the greatest lords about the court for the king's See also:pleasure in tragedies and comedies, operas and ballets. By this means and the concerts spirituels " she kept in favour for a time; but at last she found a
surer way, by encouraging the king in his debaucheries, and Louis wept over her kindness to his various mistresses. Only once, when the king was wounded by See also:Damiens in 1757, did she receive a serious See also:shock, and momentarily See also:left the court; but on his recovery she returned more powerful than ever. She even ingratiated herself with the queen, after the example of Mme de Maintenon, and was made a See also:lady-in-waiting; but the end was soon to come. " Ma See also:vie est un combat," she said, and so it was, with business and pleasure she gradually See also:grew weaker and weaker, and when told that death was at See also:hand she dressed herself in full court See also:costume, and met it bravely on the 15th of See also:April 1764, at the See also:age of See also:forty-two.
See See also:Capefigue, Madame la marquise de Pompadour (1858) ; E. and J. de See also:Goncourt, See also:Les Mattresses de Louis XV., vol. ii. (186o); and Campardon, Madame de Pompadour et 1a tour de Louis X V. au milieu du See also:dix-huitieme siecle (1867). Far more valuable are Malassis's two volumes of See also:correspondence, Correspond ance de Madame de Pompadour avec son Pere M. Poisson, et son See also:frere M. de Vandieres, &c. (1878), and Bonhomme, Madame de Pompadour, general d'armee (188o), containing her letters to the Comte de Clermont. For her See also:artistic and theatrical tastes see particularly J. F. Leturcq, See also:Notice sur Jacques Guay, graveur sur pierres fines du roi Louis X V.: Documents inedits emanant de Guay et notes sur les &uvres de gravure en See also:taille See also:douce et en pierres durs de la marquise de Pompadour (1873) ; and Adolphe See also:Jullien, Histoire du theatre de Madame de Pompadour, dit Theatre des Petits Cabinets (1874). See also P. de Nolhac, La Marquise de Pompadour (1903).
End of Article: POMPADOUR, JEANNE ANTOINETTE POISSON LE NORMANT
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