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See also:QUESNAY, See also:FRANCOIS (1694-1774) , See also:French economist, was See also:born at Merey, near See also:Paris, on the 4th of See also:June 1694, the son of an See also:advocate and small landed proprietor. Apprenticed at the See also:age of sixteen to a surgeon, he soon went to Paris, studied See also:medicine and See also:surgery there, and, having qualified as a See also:master-surgeon, settled down to practice at Mantes. In 1737 he was appointed perpetual secretary of the See also:academy of surgery founded by Francois la Peyronie, and became surgeon in See also:ordinary to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. In 1744 he graduated as a See also:doctor of medicine; he became physician in ordinary to the king, and afterwards his first consulting physician, and was installed in the See also:palace of See also:Versailles. His apartments were on the entresol, whence the Reunions de l'entresol received their name. See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XV. esteemed Quesnay much, and used to See also:call him his thinker; when he ennobled him he gave him for arms three See also:flowers of the See also:pansy (pensee), with the See also:motto Propter excogitationem mentis.
He now devoted himself principally to economic studies. taking no See also:part in the See also:court intrigues which were perpetually going on around him. About the See also:year 1750 he became acquainted with See also:Jean C. M. V. de Gournay (1712-1759), who was also an See also:earnest inquirer in the economic See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field; and See also:round these two distinguished men was gradually formed the philosophic See also:sect of the Economistes, or, as for distinction's See also:sake they were afterwards called, the Physiocrates. The most remark-able men in this See also:group of disciples were the See also:elder See also:Mirabeau (author of L'Ami See also:des hommes, 1756-60, and Philosophie rurale, 1763), See also:Nicolas Baudeau (Introduction a la philosophie economique, 1771), G. F. Le Trosne (De 1'ordre social, 1777), See also:Andre See also:Morellet (best known by his controversy with See also:Galiani on the freedom of the See also:corn See also:trade), See also:Mercier Lariviere and See also:Dupont de See also:Nemours. See also:Adam See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith, during his stay on the See also:continent with the See also:young See also:duke of Baccleuch in 1764-66, spent some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in Paris, where he made the acquaintance of
Quesnay and some of his followers; he paid a high See also:tribute to their scientific services in his See also:Wealth of Nations. Quesnay died on the 16th of See also:December 1774, having lived See also:long enough to see his See also:great See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil, See also:Turgot, in See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office as See also:minister of See also:finance. He had married in 1718, and had a son and a daughter; his See also:grandson by the former was a member of the first Legislative See also:Assembly.
The publications in which Quesnay expounded his See also:system were the following:—two articles, on " Fermiers " and on " Grains," in the Encyclopedie of See also:Diderot and D'See also:Alembert (1756, 1757); a discourse on the See also:law of nature in the Physiocratie of Dupont de Nemours (1768); Maximes ginirales de gouvernement economique d'un royaume agricole (1758), and the simultaneously published Tableau economique avec son explication, ou extrait des economies royales de See also:Sully (with the celebrated motto, " Pauvres paysans, pauvre royaume; pauvre royaume, pauvre roi "); See also:Dialogue sur le See also:commerce et See also:les travaux des artisans; and other See also:minor pieces. The Tableau economique, though on See also:account of its dryness and abstract See also:form it met with little See also:general favour, may be considered the See also:principal manifesto of the school. It was regarded by the followers of Quesnay as entitled to a See also:place amongst the foremost products of human See also:wisdom, and is named by the elder Mirabeau, in a passage quoted by Adam Smith, as one of the three great inventions which have contributed most to the stability of See also:political See also:societies, the other two being those of See also:writing and of See also:money. Its See also:object was to exhibit by means of certain formulas the way in which the products of See also:agriculture, which is the only source of wealth, would in a See also:state of perfect See also:liberty be distributed among the several classes of the community (namely, the productive classes of the proprietors and cultivators of See also:land, and the unproductive class composed of manufacturers and merchants), and to represent by other formulas the modes of See also:distribution which take place under systems of Governmental See also:restraint and regulation, with the evil results arising to the whole society from different degrees of such violations of the natural See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order. It follows from Quesnay's theoretic views that the one thing deserving the solicitude of the See also:practical economist and the statesman is the increase of the See also:net product; and he infers also what Smith afterwards affirmed, on not quite the same ground, that the See also:interest of the landowner is " strictly and indissolubly connected with the general interest of the society." A small edition de luxe of this See also:work, with other pieces, was printed in 1758 in the palace of Versailles under the king's immediate super-See also:vision, some of the sheets, it is said, having been pulled by the royal See also:hand. Already in 1767 the See also:book had disappeared from circulation, and no copy of it is now procurable; but the substance of it has been preserved in the Ami des hommes of Mirabeau, and the Physiocratie of Dupont de Nemours.
His economic writings are collected in the 2nd vol. of the Principaux iconomistes, published by Guillaumin, Paris, with See also:preface and notes by See also:Eugene Daire; also his Euvres economiques et philosophiques were collected with an introduction and See also:note by Aug. Oncken (See also:Frankfort, 1888) ; a facsimile reprint of the Tableau economique, from the See also:original MS., was published by the See also:British Economic Association (See also:London, 1895). His other writings were the See also:article " See also:Evidence " in the Encyclopedie, and Recherches sur l'evidence des verites geometri.ues, with a Projet de nouveaux elements de geometrie, 1773. Quesnay s Eloge was pronounced in the Academy of Sciences by Grandjean de Fouchy (see the Recueil of that Academy, 1774, p. 134). See also F. J. See also:Marmontel, Memoires; Memoires de Mme. du Hausset; H. Higgs, The Physiocrats (London, 1897).
End of Article: QUESNAY, FRANCOIS (1694-1774)
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