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See also:BELLEGARDE, HEINRICH See also:JOSEPH JOHANNES, See also:COUNT VON (1756-1845) , See also:Austrian soldier and statesman, was See also:born at See also:Dresden on the 29th of See also:August 1756, and for a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time served in the Saxon See also:army. Transferring his services to See also:Austria in 1771 he distinguished himself greatly as See also:colonel of dragoons in the See also:Turkish See also:War of 1788-1789, and served as a See also:major-See also:general in the See also:Netherlands See also:campaigns of 1793-1794. In the See also:campaign of 1796 in See also:Germany, as a See also:lieutenant See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field See also:marshal, he served on the See also:staff of the See also:archduke See also:Charles, whom he accompanied to See also:Italy in the following See also:year. He was also employed in the See also:congress of See also:Rastatt. In 1799 he commanded a See also:corps in eastern See also:Switzerland, connecting the armies of the archduke and See also:Suvarov, and finally joined the latter in See also:north Italy. He conducted the See also:siege of the citadel of See also:Alessandria, and was See also:present at the decisive See also:battle of Novi. He served again in the latter See also:part of the See also:Marengo campaign of 1800 in the See also:rank of general of See also:cavalry. In 18o5, when the archduke Charles See also:left to take command in Italy, Bellegarde became See also:president ad See also:interim of the See also:council of war. He was, however, soon employed in the field, and at the sanguinary battle of Caldiero he commanded the Austrian right. In the war of 1809 he commanded the extreme right wing of the See also:main army (see See also:NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS). Cut off from Charles as the result of the battle of Eckmiihl, he retreated into Bohemia, but managed to rejoin before the See also:great battles near See also:Vienna (Aspern and See also:Wagram). From 1809 to 1813 Belle-garde, now field marshal, was See also:governor-general of See also:Galicia, but was often called to preside over the meetings of the Aulic Council, especially in 1810 in connexion with the reorganization of the Austrian army. In 1813, 1814 and 1815 he led the Austrian armies in Italy. His successes in these campaigns were See also:diplomatic as well as military, and he ended them by crushing the last See also:attempt of See also:Murat in 1815. From 1816 to 1825 (when he had to retire owing to failing eyesight) he held various distinguished See also:civil and military posts. He died in 1845.
See Smola, Das Leben See also:des F. M. von Bellegarde (Vienna, 1847).
BELLE-ILE-EN-MER, an See also:island off the W. See also:coast of See also:France, forming a See also:canton of the See also:department of See also:Morbihan, 8 m. S. by W. of the See also:peninsula of Quiheron. Pop. (1906) 9703. See also:Area, 33 sq. m. The island is divided into the four communes of Le Palais, See also:Bangor, Sauzon and Locmaria. It forms a treeless See also:plateau with an See also:average height of 130 ft. above See also:sea-level, largely covered with See also:moors and bordered by a rugged and broken coast. The See also:climate is mild, the fig-See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree and See also:myrtle growing in sheltered spots and the See also:soil, where cultivated, is productive. The inhabitants are principally engaged in See also:agriculture and the See also:fisheries, and in the preservation of sardines, anchovies, &c. The breed of See also:draught horses in the island is highly prized. The See also:chief See also:town, Le Palais (pop. 2637), has an old citadel and fortifications, and possesses a See also:port which is accessible to vessels See also:drawing 13 ft. of See also:water. Belle-Ile must have been inhabited from a very See also:early See also:period, as it possesses several See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone monuments of the class usually called Druidic.
The See also:Roman name of the island seems to have been Vindilis, which in the See also:middle ages became corrupted to Guedel. In 1572 the monks of the See also:abbey of Ste Croix at See also:Quimperle ceded the island to the See also:Retz See also:family, in whose favour it was raised to a marquisate in the following year. It subsequently came into the hands of the family of See also:Fouquet, and was ceded by the latter to the See also:crown in 1718. It was held by See also:English troops from 1761 to 1763 when the See also:French got it in See also:exchange for Nova See also:Scotia. A few of the inhabitants of the latter territory migrated to
Belle-Ile, which is partly peopled by their descendants.
In the See also:state See also:prison of Nouvelle Force at Le Palais See also:political prisoners have at various times been confined.
BELLE-ISLE, CHARLES See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS AUGUSTE FOUQUET, See also:COMTE, and later Due, DE (1684-1761), French soldier and statesman, was the See also:grandson of See also:Nicholas Fouquet, See also:superintendent of finances under Louis XIV., and was born at Villefranche de See also:Rouergue. Although his family was in disgrace, he entered the army at an early See also:age and was made proprietary colonel of a See also:dragoon See also:regiment in 1708. He See also:rose during the War of the See also:Spanish See also:Succession to the rank of brigadier, and in See also:March 1718 to that of marechal de See also:camp. In the Spanish War of 1718-1719 he was present at the See also:capture of Fontarabia in 1718 and at that of St See also:Sebastian in 1719. When the See also:duke of See also:Bourbon became See also:prime See also:minister, Belle-Isle was imprisoned in the See also:Bastille, and then relegated to his estates, but with the See also:advent of See also:Cardinal See also:Fleury to See also:power he regained some measure of favour and was made a lieutenant-general. In the War of the See also:Polish Succession he commanded a corps under the orders of Marshal See also:Berwick, captured See also:Trier and Trarbach and took part in the siege of Philipps-See also:burg (1734). When See also:peace was made in 1736 the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, in recognition both of his military services and of the part he had taken in the negotiations for the cession of See also:Lorraine, gave him the See also:government of the three important fortresses of See also:Metz, See also:Toul and Verdun—an See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office which he kept till his See also:death. His military' and political reputation was now at its height, and he was one of the See also:principal advisers of the government in military and diplomatic affairs. In 1741 he was sent to Germany as French plenipotentiary to carry out, in the interests of France, a See also:grand See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of political reorganization in the moribund See also:empire, and especially to obtain the See also:election of Charles, elector of See also:Bavaria, as See also:emperor. His See also:diplomacy was thus the mainspring of the War of the Austrian Succession (q.v.), and his military command in See also:south Germany was full of incidents and vicissitudes. He had been named marshal of France in 1741, and received a large army, with which it is said that he promised to make peace in three months under the walls of Vienna. The truth of this See also:story is open to question, for no one knew better than Belle Isle the limitations imposed upon commanders by the military and political circumstances of the times. These circumstances in fact rendered his efforts, both as a general and as a statesman, unavailing, and the one redeeming feature in the general failure was his heroic See also:retreat from See also:Prague. In ten days he led 14,000 men.into and across the Bohemian See also:Forest, suffering great privations and harassed by the enemy, but never allowing himself to be cut off, and his subordinate Chevert defended Prague so well that the Austrians were glad to allow him to rejoin his chief. The campaign, however, had discredited Belle-Isle; he was ridiculed at See also:Paris by the wits and the populace, even Fleury is said to have turned against him, and, to See also:complete his misfortunes, he was taken prisoner by the English in going from See also:Cassel to See also:Berlin throtdgh See also:Hanover. He remained a year in See also:England, in spite of the demands of Louis XV. and of the emperor Charles VII. During the' campaign of 1746 he was in command of the " Army of See also:Piedmont " on the Alpine frontier, and although he began his See also:work with a demoralized and inferior army, he managed not only to repel the invasion of the Spanish and See also:Italian forces but also to carry the war back into the See also:plain of See also:Lombardy. At the peace, having thus retrieved his military reputation, he was created duke and peer of France (1748). In 1757 his See also:credit at See also:court was considerable, and the king named him secretary for war. During his three years' See also:ministry he under-took many reforms, such as the development of the military school for See also:officers, and the suppression of the proprietary colonelcies of nobles who were too See also:young to command; and he instituted the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order of Merit. But the Seven Years' War was by that time in. progress and his efforts had no immediate effect. He died at See also:Versailles on the 26th of See also:January 1761. Belle-Isle interested himself in literature; was elected a member of the French See also:Academy in 1740, and founded the Academy of Metz in 176o. The dukedom ended with his death, his only son having been killed in 1758 at the battle of See also:Crefeld.
His See also:brother, Lours CHARLES ARMAND FOUQUET, known as the See also:Chevalier de Belle-Isle (1693-1746), was also a soldier and a diplomatist. He served as a junior officer in the War of the Spanish Succession and as brigadier in the campaign of 1734 on the See also:Rhine and Moselle, where he won the grade of marechal de camp. He was employed under his brother in political See also:missions in Bavaria and in See also:Swabia in 1741-1742, became a lieutenant-general, fought in Bohemia, Bavaria and the Rhine countries in 1742-1743, and was arrested and sent to England with the marshal in 1744. On his See also:release he was given a command in the Army of Piedmont. He See also:fell a victim to his romantic bravery at the See also:action of Exilles (See also:Col de l'Assiette) on the 19th of See also:July 1746.
See See also:Jean de Maugre, Oraison funebre du marechal de Belleisle (Montmedy, 1762) ; R. P. de See also:Neuville, Memoires du marechal duc de Belleisle (Paris, 1761) ; D. C. (Chevrier), La See also:Vie politique at militaire du marechal duc de Belleisle (See also:London, 1760), and Testament
olitique du marechal duc de Belleisle (See also:Hague, 1762); Le Codicille at politique
ou commentaire des maximes du marechal duc de Belleisle (See also:Amsterdam, 1761); F. M. Chavert, See also:Notice sur le marechal de Belle-isle (Metz, 1856) ; L. Leclerc, Eloge du marechal, de Belleisle (Metz, 1862); E. See also:Michel, Eloge du marechal de Belleisle (Paris, 1862); and Jobez, La France sous Louis XV (6 vols., Paris, 1868-1874).
End of Article: BELLEGARDE, HEINRICH JOSEPH JOHANNES, COUNT VON (1756-1845)
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