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tunnel beneath the Weissenstein to Moutier Grandval having been completed. It was strongly fortified in 1667-1727, but since 183o these defences have been removed for reasons of See also:

PRACTICAL

practical convenience. Its See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

BUILDING

building is the See also:

minster of SS Ursus and See also:

Victor, which See also:

DATES

dates from the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, though it stands on the site of a far older edifice. Since 1828 it has been the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral See also:

church of the See also:

bishop of Basel, but in 1874 its See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter was suppressed. The ancient See also:

CLOCK

clock See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower has a See also:

QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint 16th-century clock, while the older portions of the town-See also:

hall date still further back. The early17th-century See also:

ARSENAL

arsenal contains the finest collection of See also:

ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour and old weapons in See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, while the See also:

MODERN

modern museum houses a splendid collection of fossils from the Jura, the specimens of Alpine rocks collected by F. J. Hugi (1796-1855), a native of Soleure, and a Madonna by the younger See also:

HOLBEIN, HANS

Holbein. The building now used as the cantonal school was formerly the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

French ambassadors to the Swiss See also:

CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation from 1530 to 1797. There are some See also:

FINE

fine 16th-century fountains in the little town, which in its older portions still keeps much of its See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval aspect, though in the modern suburbs and in the neighbouring villages there is a certain amount of See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial activity.

The See also:

POLISH

Polish patriot Kosciusko died here in 1817; his See also:

heart is preserved at Rapperswil, but his See also:

BODY

body is buried at See also:

CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow. In 1900 the town had 10,025 inhabitants, almost all See also:

German-speaking, while there were 6098 Catholics " (either Romanists or See also:

Christian Catholics), 3814 Protestants and 81 See also:

Jews. In 1904 there were twenty churches or chapels in the town itself. One mile See also:

north of the town is the Hermitage of St Verena, in a striking See also:

rock See also:

GORGE

gorge, above which rises the Weissenstein See also:

ridge, the hotel on which (4223 ft.) is much frequented in summer for the See also:

air and whey cure as well as for the glorious Alpine See also:

PANORAMA (Gr. -rap, all, and opa,ua, view)

panorama that it commands. A 16th-century See also:

RHYME

rhyme claims for the town of Soleure the fame of being the See also:

OLDEST

oldest See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in " Celtis " See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save See also:

TRIER (French Troves)

Trier. Certainly its name, " Salodurum," is found in Roman See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, and its position as con7manding the approach to the See also:

RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine from the See also:

south-See also:

west has led to its being more than once strongly fortified. Situated just on the See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders of Alamannia and See also:

BURGUNDY

Burgundy, it seems to have inclined to the See also:

ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance of the latter, and it was at Soleure that in 1038 the Burgundian nobles made their final submission to the German See also:

king, See also:

Conrad II. The medieval town See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

house of See also:

SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular canons founded in the loth century in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of St Ursus and St Victor (two of the Theban See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion who are said to have been martyred here in 302) by See also:

Queen Bertha, the wife of See also:

Rudolph II., king of Burgundy, and was in the See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

LAUSANNE

Lausanne. The See also:

prior and canons had many rights over the town, but criminal See also:

jurisdiction remained" with the See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Burgundy, then passed to the See also:

ZAHRINGEN

Zahringen See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, and on its extinction in 1218 reverted to the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor. The See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city thus became a See also:

FREE

free imperial city, and in 1252 shook off the jurisdiction of the canons and took them under its See also:

PROTECTION

protection. In 1295 we find it allied with See also:

BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, and this connexion is the See also:

key to its later See also:

HISTORY

history. It helped Bern in 1298 in the See also:

GREAT

great fight against the nobles at Dornbilhl, and again at Laupen in 1339 against the jealous Burgundian nobles.

It was besieged in 1318 by See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold of See also:

Austria, but he was compelled to withdraw. In the 14th century the See also:

government of the town See also:

fell into the hands of the See also:

GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, whose members practically filled all the public offices. Through Bern, Soleure was See also:

DRAWN

drawn into association with the Swiss Confederation. An See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to surprise it in 1382, made by the Habsburgs, was foiled, and resulted in the admittance of Soleure in 1385 into the Swabian See also:

LEAGUE

League and in its sharing in the See also:

SEMPACH

Sempach See also:

War. Though Soleure took no See also:

PART

part in that See also:

BATTLE

battle, it was included in the Sempach See also:

ordinance of 1393 and in the great treaty of 1394 by which the Habsburgs renounced their claims to all territories within the Confederation. In 1411 Soleure sought in vain to be admitted into the Confederation, a See also:

PRIVILEGE

privilege only granted to her in 1481 at the See also:

DIET

diet of See also:

STANS

Stans, after she had taken part in the See also:

AARGAU (Fr. Argovie)

Aargau, See also:

ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

TOGGENBURG, THE

Toggenburg, and Burgundian See also:

WARS

Wars. It was also in the 15th century that by See also:

PURCHASE

purchase or See also:

CONQUEST

conquest the town acquired the See also:

main part of the territories forming the See also:

PRESENT

present canton. In 1529 the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the " communes" went over to the reformed faith, and men were sent to fight on See also:

ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli's See also:

side at Kappel (1531), but in 1533 the old faith regained its sway, and in 1586 Soleure was a member of the See also:

GOLDEN

Golden, or See also:

BORROMEAN

Borromean, League. Though the city ruled the surrounding districts, the peasants were fairly treated, and hence their revolt in 1653 was not so desperate as in other places. Soleure was the usual residence of the French See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador from 1530 to 1797, and no doubt this helped on the formation of a " patriciate," for after 1681 no fresh citizens were admitted, and later we find only twenty-five ruling families distributed over the eleven gilds. Serfage was abolished by Soleure in 1785. The old See also:

SYSTEM

system of the city ruling over eleven bailiwicks came to an end in See also:

March 1798, when Soleure opened its See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates to the French See also:

army, and it was one of the six " directorial " cantons under the 1803 constitution.

In 1814 the old aristocratic government was set up again, but this was finally broken down in 1831, Soleure in 1832 joining the league to See also:

GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the new cantonal constitutions. Though distinctly a Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic canton, it did not join the " Sonderbund," and voted in favour of the federal constitutions of 1848 and 1874. (W. A. B.

End of Article: SOLEURE

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