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See also:BORDERS, THE , a name applied to the territory on both sides of the boundary See also:line between See also:England and See also:Scotland. The See also:term has also a See also:literary and See also:historical as well as a See also:geographical sense, and is most frequently employed of the Scottish See also:side. The line begins on the See also:coast of See also:Berwickshire at a spot 3 M. N. by W. of See also:Berwick, and, after See also:running a See also:short distance W. and S., reaches the See also:Tweed near the See also:village of See also:Paxton, whence it keeps to the See also:river to a point just beyond Carham. There it strikes off S.S.E. to the Cheviot Hills, the See also:watershed of which for 35 M. constitutes the boundary, which is thereafter formed by a See also:series of streams—Bells See also:Burn, the Kershope, Liddel and Esk. After following the last named for r m. it cuts across See also:country due See also:west to the See also:Sark, which it follows to the river's mouth at the See also:head of the Solway See also:Firth. The length of the boundary thus described is io8 m., but in a See also:direct line from the Solway to the See also:North See also:Sea the distance is only 70 M. At the extreme See also:east end a small See also:district of 8 sq. m., consisting of the See also:tract north of the Tweed which is not included in Scotland, forms the " See also:bounds " or " liberties " of Berwick, or the country of the See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough and See also:town of Berwick-on-Tweed. At the extreme west between the Sark and Esk as far up the latter as its junction with the Liddel, there was a See also:strip of country, a " No See also:man's See also:land," for generations the haunt of outlaws and brigands. This was called the Debatable Land, because the See also:possession of it was a See also:constant source of contention between England and Scotland until its boundaries were finally adjusted in 1552. The See also:English Border counties are See also:Northumberland and See also:Cumberland, the Scottish Berwick, Roxburgh and See also:Dumfries; though historically, and still by usage, the Scottish shires of See also:Selkirk and See also:Peebles have always been classed as Border shires. On the English side the region is watered by the Till, Bowmont, See also:Coquet, Rede and North See also:Tyne; on the Scottish by the Tweed, Whiteadder, Leet, Kale, Jed, Kershope, Liddel, Esk and Sark. Physically there is a marked difference between the country on each side. On the See also:southern it mostly consists of lofty, See also:bleak moorland, affording subsistence for See also:sheep and See also:cattle, and rugged glens and ravines, while on the See also:northern there are many stretches of fertile See also:soil, especially in the valleys and dales, and the landscape is often romantffc and beautiful. Railway cohimunication is
supplied by the east coast route to Berwick, the Waverley route through See also:Liddesdale, the See also:London & North-Western by See also:Carlisle, the North See also:British See also:branch from Berwick to St Boswells, and the North Eastern lines from Berwick to See also:Kelso, See also:Alnwick to See also:Coldstream, and See also:Newcastle to Carlisle.
At frequent intervals during a See also:period of 1500 years the region was the See also:scene of strife and lawlessness. The See also:Roman road of Watling See also:Street crossed the Cheviots at Brownhartlaw (1664 ft.), See also:close to the See also:camp of Ad Fines, by means of which the warlike See also:Brigantes on the See also:south and the Gadeni and Otadeni on the north were held in check, while another Roman road, the See also:Wheel See also:Causeway, passed into Scotland near the headwaters of the North Tyne and Liddel. (For See also:early See also:history see See also:LOTHIAN; See also:NORTHUMBRIA; See also:STRATHCLYDE.) In the 12th See also:century were founded the abbeys of See also:Hexham and Alnwick, the priory See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of Lindisfarne and the See also:cathedral of Carlisle on the English side, and on the Scottish the abbeys of See also:Jedburgh, Kelso, See also:Melrose and Dryburgh. The deaths of See also:Alexander III. (1286) and See also:Margaret the Maid of See also:Norway (1290), whose right to the See also:throne had been acknowledged, plunged the country into the See also:wars of the See also:succession and See also:independence, and until the See also:union of the crowns in 1603 the borders were frequently disturbed. Berwick and Carlisle were repeatedly assailed, and battles took See also:place at Halidon See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill (i333), Otterburn (1388), Nisbet (1402), Homiidon (1402), Piperden (r435), Hedgeley See also:Moor (1464), See also:Flodden (1513), Solway See also:Moss (1542), and See also:Ancrum Moor (1544), in addition to many fights arising out of See also:family feuds and raids fomented by the Armstrongs, Eiiots, Grahams, Johnstones, Maxwells and other families, of which the most serious were the encounters at Arkenholme (See also:Langholm) in 1455, the See also:Raid of Reidswire (1575), and the bloody combat at Dryfe Sands (1593). The English expeditions of 1544 and 1545 were exceptionally disastrous, since they involved the destruction of the four Scottish border abbeys, the See also:sack of many towns, and the obliteration of Roxburgh. The only other important conflict belongs to the See also:Covenanters' See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, when the See also:marquess of See also:Montrose was defeated at Philiphaugh in 1645. Partly for the See also:defence of the kingdoms and partly to overawe the freebooters and mosstroopers who were a perpetual menace to the See also:peace until they were suppressed in the 17th century, castles were erected at various points on both sides of the border.
Even during the period when relations between England and Scotland were strained, the sovereigns of both countries recognized it to be their See also:duty to protect See also:property and regulate the lawlessness of the borders. The frontier was divided into the East, See also:Middle and West See also:Marches, each under the See also:control of an English and a Scots See also:warden. The posts were generally filled by eminent and capable men who had to keep the peace, enforce See also:punishment for See also:breach of the See also:law, and take care that neither country encroached on the boundary of the other. The wardens usually conferred once a See also:year on matters of See also:common See also:interest, and as a See also:rule their meetings were conducted in a friendly spirit, though in 1575 a display of See also:temper led to the affair of the Raid of Reidswire. The See also:appointment was not only one of the most important in this See also:quarter of the See also:kingdom, but lucrative as well, See also:part of the fines and forfeits falling to the warden, who was also entitled to ration and See also:forage for his See also:JAMES JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)JAMES, EPISTLE OFJAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOPJAMES, HENRY (1843— )JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)James I. of England attended service in Berwick church (See also:March 27, 1603) " to return thanks for his peaceful entry into his new dominions." Anxious to blot out all memory of the See also:bitter past, he forbade the use of the word " Borders," hoping that the designation " Middle Shires " might take its place. Frontier fortresses were also to be dismantled and their garrisons reduced to nominal strength. In course of time this policy had the desired effect, though the expression " Borders " proved too convenient geographically to be dropped, the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's proposed See also:amendment being in point of fact merely sentimental and, in the relative positions then and now of England and Scotland, meaningless. Some English strongholds, such as Alnwick, Chillingham, See also:Ford and Naworth, have been modernized; others, like Norham, Wark.and See also:Warkworth, are picturesque ruins; but most of the Scottish fortresseshave been demolished and their sites built over, or are now represented by grass-grown mounds. Another See also:familiar feature in the landscape is the See also:chain of See also:peel towers See also:crossing the country from coast to coast. Many were homes of tnarauding chiefs, and nearly all were used as See also:beacon-stations to give alarm of foray or invasion. Early in the 18th century the Scottish See also:gipsies found a congenial See also:home on the See also:Roxburghshire side of the Cheviots; and at a later period the Scottish border became notorious for a See also:hundred years as offering hospitality to runaway couples who were clandestinely married at Gretna See also:Green, Coldstream or Lamberton.
The See also:toll-See also:house of Lamberton displayed the following intimation—" See also:Ginger-See also:beer sold here and marriages per-formed on the most reasonable terms."
Border See also:ballads occupy a distinctive place in English literature. Many of them were rescued from oblivion by See also:Sir See also:Walter See also:Scott, who ransacked the district for materials for his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, which appeared in 1802 and 1803. Border traditions and See also:folklore, and the picturesque, pathetic and stirring incidents of which the country was so often the scene, appealed strongly to James See also:Hogg (" the See also:Ettrick Shepherd "), See also:John See also:- WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
- WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
- WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
- WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
- WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
- WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
- WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
- WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
- WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
- WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
- WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
- WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
- WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
- WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
- WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )
Wilson (" See also:Christopher North "), and John See also:Mackay Wilson (1804-1835), whose Tales of the Borders, published in 1835, See also:long enjoyed popular favour.
Besides the See also:works just mentioned see Sir See also:Herbert See also:Maxwell, History of Dumfries and See also:Galloway (1896) ; See also:George Ridpath, Border History of England and. Scotland (1776) ; See also:Professor John See also:Veitch, History and See also:Poetry of the Scottish Border (1877); Sir George See also:Douglas, History of the Border Counties (Scots), (1899) ; W. S. See also:Crockett, The Scott Country (1902).
End of Article: BORDERS, THE
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