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Eden, the Leet and the Whiteadder with its tributaries, the Blackadder and the Dye—all flow into the Tweed. Of these the largest and most important is the Whiteadder, which has its source in the See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Whittingehame on the See also:

East Lothian See also:

side of the Lammermuirs, and, following a sinuous course of 35 m., joins the Tweed within the See also:

BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds or liberties of Berwick. There are small lochs at Coldingham, Legerwood, See also:

Spottiswoode, the Hirsel, near See also:

COLDSTREAM

Coldstream, Hule See also:

MOSS

Moss on See also:

GREENLAW (a " grassy hill ")

Greenlaw See also:

MOOR

Moor, and tiny sheets of See also:

WATER

water near See also:

DUNS

Duns and Mersington. See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The north portion of the county embraces that See also:

PART

part of the See also:

SILURIAN

Silurian tableland of the south of Scotland which stretches from the Lammermuir Hills east to St Abb's Head.

The strata consist mainly of grits, greywackes, flags and shales, repeated by innumerable folds, trending north-east and south-See also:

west, which are laid See also:

BARE

bare in the See also:

GREAT

great cliff See also:

section between Fast See also:

Castle and St Abb's Head. This section of the tableland includes sediments, chiefly of Tarannon See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, which See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

belt ro m. across from the See also:

crest of the Lammermuir Hills to a point near Westruther and Longformacus. In the Earnscleuch See also:

BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

Burn north-east of See also:

Lauder representatives of See also:

LLANDOVERY (Llan-ym-ddyffri)

Llandovery, Caradoc and Lllandeilo rocks, together with the Arenig cherts, appear along an anticlinal See also:

FOLD

fold in the midst of the younger strata. Again in the extreme north-west of the county near Channelkirk and to the north of the Tarannon belt radiolarian cherts and See also:

black shales with See also:

GRAPTOLITES

graptolites of Upper Llandeilo and Caradoc age are met with. The See also:

LOWER

Lower Old Red See also:

SANDSTONE

Sandstone rocks, which See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest unconformably on the folded and denuded Silurian strata, appear at Eyemouth and Reston Junction, and at St Abb's Head are associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks which are evidently on the same See also:

HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon as the interbedded lavas of Lower Old Red age in the Cheviots. The intrusive igneous materials of this See also:

period are represented by the granitic See also:

mass of See also:

Cockburn Law and the porphyrites of the Dirrington See also:

LAWS

Laws. The Upper Old Red See also:

Sand-815 See also:

stone, consisting of conglomerates and sandstones, rest unconformably alike on the Silurian See also:

PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform as at Siccar Point and on the lower See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of that See also:

SYSTEM

system. The age of these beds has been determined by the occurrence of remains of Holoptychius nobilissimus in the sandstones at See also:

EARLSTON (formerly ERCILDOUNE, of which it is a corruption)

Earlston and in the Whiteadder north of Duns. On the Black See also:

Hill of Earlston these strata are traversed by a See also:

SHEET

sheet of See also:

TRACHYTE (Gr. rpaxus, rough)

trachyte resembling the type of reek capping the Eildon Hills ( see See also:

ROXBURGHSHIRE

ROXBURGHSHIRE: Geology ). Overlying the strata just described there is a See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of volcanic rocks extending from Greenlaw southwards by Stichil and See also:

KELSO

Kelso to Carham, which, at several localities, are followed by a See also:

BAND

band of cornstone resembling that near the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the Upper Old Red Sandstone in the midland valley of Scotland. Next in See also:

order comes a great development of the Cementstone See also:

GROUP

group of the Carboniferous system which spreads over nearly the whole of the See also:

low ground of the Merse and attains a great thickness. At See also:

Marshall Meadows north of Berwick-on-Tweed, thin bands of marine See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone occur, which probably represent some of the calcareous beds above the See also:

Fell sandstones south of Spittal.

See also:

HISTORY

History.—Traces of See also:

ROMAN

Roman occupation and of See also:

ancient British See also:

settlement exist in various parts of the Merse. Edin's or Etin's See also:

Hall, on Cockburn Law, 4 m. north of Duns, is still called the Pech's or Pict's See also:

House, and is one of the very few brochs found in the Lowlands. After the See also:

Romans withdrew (409) the country formed part of the Saxon See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, and the inhabitants were converted to See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity through the missionary efforts of Modan in the 6th, and See also:

Oswald, See also:

Aidan and See also:

CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert (traditionally believed to have been See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the vale of the Leader) in the 7th centuries. The Northmen invaded the sea-board, but the rugged coast proved an effectual barrier. The Danes, however, landed in 886, and destroyed the nunnery at Coldingham, founded about 65o by Ebba, daughter of lEthelfrith, See also:

king of Northumbria, after whom the adjoining promontory of St Abb's Head was named. After the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Carham (Tor 8) the district, which then constituted part of the division of Lothian, was annexed to Scotland. Birgham (pron. Birjam), 31 M. west of Coldstream, was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

CONFERENCE

conference in 1188 between See also:

William the See also:

Lion and the See also:

bishop of See also:

Durham, which discussed the See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt of the English See also:

church to assert supremacy over the Scottish. Here also met in 1289 a See also:

convention of the Scots estates to consider the projected See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage of See also:

Prince See also:

EDWARD

Edward of See also:

England to the Maid of See also:

Norway; and here was signed in 1290 the treaty of Birgham, assuring the See also:

independence of Scotland. During the See also:

long period of See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

international strife the shire was repeatedly overrun by armies of the English and Scots See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, who were constantly fighting for the ancient frontier town of Berwick. It was finally ceded to England in 1482, and the See also:

PEOPLE

people afterwards gradually settled down to peaceful pursuits. The See also:

ford at the confluence of the Leet and Tweed near Coldstream gave See also:

ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to south-eastern Scotland.

Edward I. crossed it with his See also:

army in 1296, encamping at See also:

Hutton the See also:

day before the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Berwick, and it was similarly employed as See also:

LATE

late as 1640, when the See also:

marquess of See also:

Montrose led the See also:

COVENANTERS

Covenanters on their march to See also:

Newcastle, although See also:

James VI. had already caused a See also:

BRIDGE

bridge to be constructed from Berwick to Tweedmouth. There are several places of historic See also:

INTEREST

interest in the county. Upon the site of the nunnery at Coldingham King See also:

Edgar in 1098 founded a See also:

BENEDICTINE

Benedictine priory, which was one of the See also:

OLDEST

oldest monastic institutions in Scotland and See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew so wealthy that James III. annexed its revenues to defray his extravagance, a step that precipitated the revolt of the nobles (1488). The priory was seriously damaged in the See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

Hertford's inroad in 1545, and See also:

Cromwell blew up part of the church in 165o. The See also:

CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel (without aisles) was repaired and used as the parish church. The remains contain some See also:

FINE

fine architectural features, such as, on the outside, the Romanesque arcades surmounted by See also:

LANCET (from Fr. lancette, dim. of lance, lance)

lancet windows at the east end, and, in the interior, the See also:

Early Pointed See also:

TRIFORIUM

triforium. On the coast, about 4 M. north-west of Coldingham, are the ruins of Fast Castle—the " See also:

Wolf's See also:

CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

Crag " of See also:

Scott's See also:

BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

Bride of Lammermoor—situated on a precipitous headland. From See also:

Sir See also:

Patrick See also:

Hume it passed to Sir See also:

Robert See also:

Logan of Restalrig; who is alleged to have been one of the See also:

Gowrie conspirators, and to have intended to imprison James VI. within its walls (r600). Four See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles west is the See also:

PEASE, EDWARD (1767–1858)

Pease or Peaths bridge, built by See also:

Thomas See also:

TELFORD, THOMAS (1757—.1834)

Telford in 1786 across the deep pass which was of old one of the strongest natural defences of Scotland. The bridge is 123 ft. high, 300 ft. long and 16 ft. wide. Near it are the ruins of Cockburnspath See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, once a strong fortress and supposed to be the " Ravenswood " of the Bride of Lammermoor. In thesouth-west of the shire besides Dryburgh See also:

Abbey (q.v.) there are, at Earlston, the remains of the castle that was traditionally the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Thomas the Rhymer.

Hume Castle, the ancient seat of the See also:

Home See also:

FAMILY

family, a picturesque ruin about 3 m. south of See also:

Green-law, is so conspicuously situated as to be visible from nearly every part of the county. Coldstream-and Lamberton, being See also:

close to the Border, were both resorted to (like Gretna Green in the west) by eloping couples for clandestine marriage. In Lamberton church was signed in 1502 the See also:

contract for the marriage of James IV. and See also:

Margaret Tudor, which led, a See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century later, to the See also:

union of the crowns of Scotland and England. See W. S. See also:

Crockett, Minstrelsy of the Merse (See also:

Paisley, 1893) ; In Praise of Tweed (Selkirk, 1889) ; The Scott Country (See also:

LONDON

London, 1902) ; J. See also:

ROBSON, STUART (1836-1903)

Robson, The Churches and Churchyards of Berwickshire (Kelso, 1893) ; F. H. Groome, A See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short Border History (Kelso, 1887) ; J. See also:

Tait, Two Centuries of Border Church Life (Kelso, 1889) ; Margaret Warrender, See also:

MARCHMONT, EARLS OF

Marchmont and the Humes of Polwarth (See also:

EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1894); W. K. See also:

Hunter, History of the Priory of Coldingham (Edinburgh, 1858).

BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, a market town, seaport, municipal borough and county in itself, of England, at the mouth of the Tweed on the north See also:

BANK

bank, 339 M. N. by W. from London. Pop. (1901) 13,437• For See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary purposes it is in the Berwick-upon-Tweed division of See also:

Northumberland. It is the junction on the East Coast route from London to Scotland between the North Eastern and North British See also:

RAILWAYS

railways, a branch of the See also:

COMPANY

company first named See also:

RUNNING

running up the Tweed valley by Coldstream and Kelso. The town lies in a bare district on the slope and See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat summit of an abrupt See also:

ELEVATION

elevation, higher ground rising to the north and south across the river. It has the rare feature of a See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of ramparts surrounding it. Those to the north and east are formed of See also:

earth faced with stone, with bastions at intervals and a ditch now dry. They are of Elizabethan date, but there are also lines of much earlier date, the fortifications of Edward I. Much of these last has been destroyed, and threatened encroachment upon the remaining See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics so far aroused public feeling that in 1905 it was decided that the Board of See also:

WORKS

Works should take over these ruins, including the See also:

Bell Tower, from the town council, and enclose them as See also:

NATIONAL

national relics. The Bell Tower, from which alarms were given when border raiders were observed, is in See also:

FAIR

fair preservation. There are slight remains of the castle, which fell into disrepair after the union of the crowns of England and Scotland.

There are no traces of the churches, monasteries or other principal buildings of the ancient town. The church of See also:

HOLY

Holy Trinity is a See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

BUILDING

building without See also:

STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple, of the See also:

time of Cromwell. Of See also:

MODERN

modern places of See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, the most noteworthy is See also:

Wallace Green See also:

UNITED

United Presbyterian church (1859). The chief public building is the town hall (176o), a stately classic building surmounted by a lofty See also:

SPIRE

spire. Educational institutions include an Elizabethan See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school and a See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-coat school; and there is a See also:

LOCAL

local museum. Two See also:

bridges connect the town with the south side of the Tweed. The older, which is very substantial, was finished in 1634, having taken twenty-four years in building. It has fifteen See also:

ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, and is 924 ft. long, but only 17 ft. wide. A unique See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for its upkeep out of Imperial funds See also:

DATES

dates from the reign of See also:

Charles II. The other, the Royal Border Bridge, situated a See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a mile up the river, is a magnificent railway viaduct, 126 ft. high, with twenty-eight arches, which extends from the railway station, a castellated building on part of the site of the old castle, to a considerable distance beyond the river. This bridge was designed by Robert See also:

Stephenson and opened by See also:

Queen See also:

Victoria in 185o. The reach of the river from the old bridge to the mouth forms the harbour.

The entrance to the harbour is protected by a stone See also:

PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier, which stretches See also:

HALF

half a mile south-east from the north bank of the river mouth. The See also:

DEPTH

depth of water at the See also:

bar is 17 ft. at See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary tides, 22 ft. at spring tides, but the channel is narrow, a large rocky portion of the harbour on the north side being dry at low water. There is a wet See also:

DOCK

dock of 31 acres. Principal exports are grain, coal and fish; imports are bones and See also:

bone-ash, manure stuffs, See also:

LINSEED

linseed, See also:

salt, See also:

TIMBER

timber and See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron. The herring and other sea fisheries are of some value, and the salmon See also:

FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery, in the hands of a company, has long been famous. A fair is held annually at the end of May. There are iron-works and See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-building yards. The See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of specially mentioning Berwick-upon-Tweed after See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, though abandoned in acts of parliament, is retained in certain proclamations. The title of " county in itself " also See also:

HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps to recall its ancient history. The liberties of the borough, commonly called Berwick Bounds, include the towns of Spittal, at the mouth, and Tweedmouth immediately above it, on the south bank of the river. The first is a watering-place (pop. 2074), with pleasant sands and a chalybeate See also:

spa; the second (pop.

3086) has iron foundries, See also:

ENGINEERING

engineering works and fish-curing establishments. Berwick-upon-Tweed is governed by a See also:

mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 6396 acres. Very little is known of the history of Berwick before the See also:

CONQUEST

Conquest. It was not until the Tweed became the boundary between England and Scotland in the 12th century that Berwick as the chief town on that boundary became really important. Until the beginning of the 14th century Berwick was one of the four royal boroughs of Scotland, and although it possesses no See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter granted before that time, an See also:

INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

inquisition taken in Edward See also:

IIL, PP

IIl.'s reign shows that it was governed by a mayor and bailiffs in the reign of See also:

Alexander III., who granted the town to the said mayor and the commonalty for an annual See also:

RENT

rent. After Edward I. had conquered Berwick in 1302 he gave the burgesses another charter, no longer existing but quoted in several confirmations, by which the town was made a See also:

FREE

free borough with a gild See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant. The burgesses were given the right to elect annually their mayor, who with the commonalty should elect four bailiffs. They were also to have freedom from See also:

toll, pontage, &c., two markets every See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week on See also:

MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaeg, the moon's day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken)

Monday and See also:

FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, and a fair lasting from the feast of Holyrood to that of the Nativity of St See also:

John the Baptist. Five years later, in 1307, the mayor and burgesses received another charter, granting them their town with all things that belonged to it in the time of Alexander III., for a See also:

fee-farm rent of 500 marks, which was granted back to them in 1313 to help towards enclosing their town with a See also:

wall. While the See also:

war with Scotland dragged on through the early years of the reign of Edward II., the fortification of Berwick was a See also:

MATTER

matter of importance, and in 1317 the mayor and bailiffs undertook to defend it for the yearly sum of 6000 marks; but in the following year, " owing to their See also:

DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default," the Scots entered and occupied it in spite of a truce between the two kingdoms. After Edward III. had recovered Berwick the inhabitants petitioned for the recovery of their See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison called the Beffroi or Bell-tower, the See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of their independence, which their predecessors had built before the time of Alexander III., and which had teen granted to William de Keythorpe when Edward I. took the town.

Edward III. in 1326 and 1356 confirmed the charter of Edward I., and in 1357, evidently to encourage the growth of the borough, granted that all who were willing to reside there and desirous of becoming burgesses should be admitted as such on See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a fine. These early charters were confirmed by most of the succeeding kings, until James I. granted the See also:

INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation charter in 1604; but on his See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the English See also:

THRONE

throne, Berwick of course lost its importance as a frontier town. Berwick was at first represented in the See also:

court of the four boroughs and in 1326 in Robert See also:

Bruce's parliament. After being taken by the English it remained unrepresented until it was re-taken by the Scots, when it sent two members to the parliament at Edinburgh from 1476 to 1479. In 1482 the burgesses were allowed to send two members to the English parliament, and were represented there until 1885, when the town was included in the Berwick-upon-Tweed division of the county of Northumberland. No manufactures are mentioned as having been carried on in Berwick, but its trade, chiefly in the produce of the surrounding country, was important in the 12th century. It has been noted for salmon fishery in the Tweed from very early times. There was a bridge over the Tweed at Berwick in the time of Alexander and John, kings of Scotland, but it was broken down in the time of the latter and not rebuilt until the end of the 14th century. See Victoria County History, Northumberland; John See also:

Fuller, History of Berwick-upon-Tweed, &c. (1799); John Scott, Berwick-upon-Tweed: History of the Town and Guild (1888).

End of Article: BERWICKSHIRE

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