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SECTION . r ,-F--f --- ; . i, I * I ! - 1WffafqP2H16blrain i i //>k/%/; testing and also allows the See also:water gradually to See also:escape after a test by water. Existing drains which have become defective and require to be made See also:good must be exposed, taken up and relaid with new pipes, unless See also:advantage be taken of a method which, it is claimed, renders it possible to make them permanently watertight so as to withstand the water test under pressure, and at the same See also:time to disinfect them and the surrounding subsoil. This end is accomplished with the aid of patent See also:machines which on being passed through the drain-See also:pipe first remove all obstructions and accumulations of foul See also:matter and then thoroughly cleanse and disinfect it, saturating the outside See also:concrete and contaminated See also:soil adjacent to any leak with strong See also:disinfectants. Subsequently, loaded with the best See also:Portland See also:cement, another See also:machine is passed through the drain, and, by powerful evenly-distributed circular See also:compression, forces the cement into every hole, crack or crevice in the pipes and See also:joints. This See also:work leaves the inner See also:surface of the pipes perfectly clean and smooth. After the usual time has been allowed for the cement to set the See also:air test is applied, and the drain is claimed to be equal to, if not better than, a new drain, because the See also:foundation is not dis- turbed by the See also:process, and the See also:risk of See also:settlement, which is often the cause of leaky drains, is remote. Every sanitary fitting should be trapped by a See also:bend on the See also:waste-pipe; this is generally made Traps. separately and fixed up near to the sink, closet or See also:basin, as the See also:case may be. The traps of small wastes such as those of sinks and lavatories should be fitted with a See also:brass See also:screw cap to facilitate clearing when a stoppage occurs. Their See also:object is to hold a quantity of water suffi- cient to prevent the See also:access of foul air through the waste-pipe into the See also:house. The See also:depth of the water " See also:seal " should not be less than 2 in., or it may become easily unsealed in hot See also:weather through the evaporation of the water. Unsealing may be caused, too, by " siphonage," when a number of fittings are attached to the same See also:main waste without he branches being properly ven- tilated just below each See also:trap. The See also:discharge from one fitting in this case would create a partial vacuum in the other branches and probably suck the sealing water from one or more of the traps. To obviate such an occurrence an " See also:anti-See also:siphon- See also:age " pipe is fixed having its upper end open to the air and provided with branches tapping such waste-pipe just below the trap. Then, with this contrivance, a discharge from any fitting, instead of causing air to be sucked in through the trap of another fitting, thereby breaking the seal and Pipe with Anti- draws the necessary air through the anti-siphonage e siphonage Pipe. (fig 12). The eoa eemany s with forms of their for use in different positions although the principle and purposes of all are identical. Two forms commonly used are known as the S and the P trap. The See also:bell trap and the D trap are obsolete. To collect the See also:rain and waste water from areas, yards, See also:laundry and other floors and similar positions an open trapped gulley is used. Galleys. It is usually of stoneware and fitted with an open See also:iron grating which admits the water (fig. 13). Many of these gulleys are made too shallow and speedily get choked if the water they receive is charged with mud or See also:sand. To obviate this difficulty the gulleys are made with a deep container and are often fitted with a perforated See also:basket of galvanized iron which catches the solid matter and has a handle which allows for its easy removal when necessary. Gulleys with slipper or channel heads as shown in fig. 14 are required to be fitted in some districts to receive the waste from sinks. The warm waste water from See also:scullery and See also:pantry sinks contains much grease, and should discharge into a trapped gulley specially constructed to prevent the passage of the grease into the drain (fig. 15). It should be of ample See also:size to contain sufficient See also:cold water to solidify the See also:fat which enters it. This forms in cakes on the See also:top of the water tend should be frequently broken up and removed. See also:Great See also:attention has been directed to the See also:design of sanitary fittings, with the object of making them as nearly self-cleansing as possible. In the fixing of closets the See also:wood casings which used to be fixed around every water-closet are going steadily out of use, their See also:place being taken by a hinged seat sup-ported on See also:metal brackets—an arrangement which allows every See also:part of the appliance to be readily cleaned with a See also:cloth. In hospitals and similar institutions a See also:form of closet is made fitted with lugs which are built into the See also:wall; in this way support is obtained without any FIG. i5.—Stoneware Grease assistance from the See also:floor, which is Trap. See also:left quite clear for sweeping. Lavatory basins and sinks are also supported on cantilevers in the same way, and the wood enclosures which were formerly often fixed around these appliances are now generally omitted. There are several distinct types of water-closets. Each type is made in many different patterns, both good and See also:bad from a sanitary point of view, and, whatever the type decided upon, Wate care is necessary in selecting to obtain one efficient and closets''-. hygienic in shape and working. The See also:principal kinds of closets now in use are the washdown, siphonic, See also:valve, washout and hopper. Washdown closets (fig. 16) are most commonly used. inexpensive to buy and to See also:fix, and being made in one piece and See also:simple in construction without any See also:mechanical work See also:ing parts are not liable to get out of See also:order. When strongly made or protected by See also:brick or concrete work they will stand very rough usage. The objection is sometimes raised with regard to washdown closets that they are noisy in See also:action. This must be allowed with many patterns, but some of the latest designs have been greatly improved in this respect, and when fitted with a silent See also:flushing cistern are not open to this objection. . Siphonic closets (fig. 17) are a type of washdown in which the See also:con-tents of the See also:pan are removed by siphonic action, an after flush arrangement providing for the resealing of the trap. They are practically silent in action and with a flush of three gallons work very satisfactorily. Where the restrictions of the water See also:company require the usual two See also:gallon flush the See also:ordinary washdown pan should be used. Valve closets (fig. 18) are considered by many authorities on sanitation to be preferable to all other types. For domestic buildings, hotels, and where not subjected to the hardest See also:wear, they are undoubtedly of great value. They should have a three gallon flush, and on this See also:account they cannot be used in many districts owing to the water companies' regulations stipulating that a flush of not more than two gallons may be used. The washout closet (fig. 19) is a type that never attained much popularity as it has been found by See also:practical experience to be unsanitary and objectionable. The See also:standing water is too shallow, and the receiving basin checks the force of the flush and the trap is therefore frequently imperfectly cleared. Hopper closets are of two kinds—the See also:long hopper and the See also:short hopper. These are the forerunners of the washdown closet which the short hopper pan resembles, but instead of pan and trap being made in one piece the fitting consists of a fireclay or FIG. 19. Washout. stoneware hopper, with straight sloping sides and central outlet jointed to a trap of See also:lead or other material. The See also:joint should be placed so as to be always kept under water by They are the seal of the trap. The long hopper pan is a most objectionable type of closet which should be rigorously avoided as it easily becomes foul and is most insanitary. In most districts its use is prohibited. A water-waste preventer is a small tank fixed usually 4 or 5 ft. above a closet or urinal and connected therewith by a flushing pipe of t''-, in. or greater See also:internal See also:diameter. This tank usually contains a siphon, and the flush is actuated by pulling a See also:chain which admits water to the siphon; the contents are then discharged with some force down the flushing pipe into the pan of the loset, clearing out its contents and replacing the fouled water with clean. The flushing tank is automatically refilled with water by a valve fitted with a See also:copper See also:ball which rising on the surface of the incoming water shuts off the flow when the tank is full. Fig. 20 is a sectional See also:drawing of one of the latest patterns and clearly shows its construction. The water-See also:supply is shown near the top with the regulating ball valve attached. An overflow is provided and a pipe is led from this to an See also:external outlet. The capacity of the ordinary domestic flushing cistern is two gallons, which is the maximum quantity allowed by most water companies. A three gallon flush is much better, however, and where this larger quantity is allowed should be adopted. Larger tanks for ranges of closets or urinals are often made to flush automatically when full, and for these the See also:rate of water supply may be fast or very slow as desired, for the siphons are so constructed that even a drop-by-drop supply will start a full flush. The by-See also:laws of the See also:London See also:County See also:Council contain very full regulations respecting the construction and fitting up of water- closets. closets. These may be summarized as follows :—A water-See also:Regula- s a to closet or urinal must be furnished with an adequate ions a, flushing cistern distinct from any cistern used for drinking water. The service pipe shall lead to the flushing cistern and not to any other part of the closet. The pipe connecting the cistern with the pan shall have a diameter of not less than I;t in. in any part. The apparatus for the application of water to the apparatus must provide for the effectual flushing and cleansing of the pan, and the prompt and effectual removal therefrom, and from the trap connected therewith of all solid and liquid filth. The pan or basin shall be of non-absorbent material, of such shape, capacity and construction as to contain a sufficient quantity of water and to allow all filth to fall See also:free of the sides directly into the water. No " container" or similar fitting shall be fixed under the pan. There shall be fixed immediately beneath or in connexion with the pan an efficient siphon trap constructed to maintain a sufficient water seal between the pan and the drain or soil pipe. No D trap or other similar trap is to be connected with the apparatus. If more than one water-closet is connected with a soil-pipe the trap of each closet shall be ventilated into the open air at a point as high as the top of the soil-pipe, or into a soil-pipe above the highest closet. This ventilatirw (or anti-shiphonage) pipe shall be not less than 2 in. in diameter, and connected at a point not less than 3 and not more than 12 in. from'the highest part of the trap (fig. 12). See also:Baths may be made of many different materials; copper, See also:cast-iron, See also:zinc and See also:porcelain are those most generally employed. Metal Baths. baths have the great advantage of becoming hot with the water, while baths of porcelain, stoneware and See also:marble, which are bad conductors of See also:heat, impart to the user a sense of chilliness even though the water in the See also:bath be hot. Copper baths are be,t ; they may be finished on the inside by tinning, enamelling or See also:nickel plating. Iron baths, usually tapering in shape, are very popular and are usually finished in See also:enamel, but sometimes tinned. Fig. 21 illustrates a good type of cast-iron bath with standing waste. A good feature of this bath lies in the fact that all parts are accessible and easily cleaned. Porcelain baths are cumbersome and take a long time to heat, but they are often used for public baths. The practice of enclosing the bath with a wood casing is fast dying out; it is insanitary in that it harbours dust and See also:vermin. Baths are now usually elevated upon short legs, so that every part of them and of the adjacent floor and wall is accessible for cleaning. Fig. 22 is a section of a good type of scullery sink, and shows the waste and trap with brass clearing cap. The fitting is supportedupon galvanized iron See also:cantilever brackets which are built into the wall. Like closets, urinals have undergone much improvement in design and manufacture. The best types are of glazed See also:ware, and have See also:vertical curved backs and sides about 4 ft. high with a Urinals. flushing rim See also:round the top and terminating in a See also:base discharging into an open glazed channel waste, which, in the case of a range of urinals, collects the discharge from all and conveys it into a trapped gulley at one end of the range. This is the type usually fixed in See also:street conveniences and similar positions. See also:Plate and iron urinals are often fixed, but there is more difficulty in keeping them clean on account of the See also:sharp See also:angle and the unsuitability of the material. Urinals are seldom fixed in private houses or offices, an ordinary washdown See also:pedestal closet with hinged " tip-up" seat serving every purpose. Such seats are often fitted with See also:balance weights to cause them to lift automatically when not in use as a closet. Unless kept very clean and well flushed with water, urinals are liable to become a See also:nuisance. In London among other towns the See also:system of drainage is a " combined" one, that is, the See also:storm water arid the domestic sewage and waste is all collected in one See also:sewer. For many reasons it is more satisfactory to have the two drains quite See also:separate. In many districts this is done, but it entails the See also:provision of a See also:double system of drainage for each house, one drain being provided for rain-water, the other for sewage. Where combined drainage is installed an excess of water poured into the sewers during a storm often results in back flow and the flooding of basements and cellars with sewage. Such an occurrence might take place where there is a separate sewer for the storm water, but in this case the flooding would be with comparatively harmless rain-water instead of sewage and filth. See also:Figs. 23 and 24 show two ground plans of the same house, a semi-detached suburban See also:residence, one with combined drainage and the other with separate drains for storm water and sewage. In both figures the rain-water drains are shown in a dotted See also:line, and other drains in a full line. In fig. 23, A is a 4 in. cast-iron rain-water down-pipe. B is a 4 in. ventilating-pipe taken up to a point above the See also:building. C is a trapped gulley such as is shown in fig. 13. D is a gulley with channel See also:head (fig. 14) into which are taken the discharges from the scullery sink on the ground floor, and from the bath and lavatory on the first floor. E is an untrapped manhole, with open channel bends and sealed cast-iron See also:cover, from which any See also:branch of the drains can easily be cleared by the use of drain-rods. F is a soil-pipe from a water-closet on the first floor, and is carried up above the roof to serve as a ventilator. G is a trapped gulley as fig. 13, taking the discharge from the rain-water pipe over it and serving also to drain the yard; H and J are similar gulleys. K is a manhole with trap for intercepting the foul gases from the sewer and preventing them from entering the house drains. The manhole is fitted with a sealed cast-iron cover and has an inlet at L with See also:mica flap valve to admit fresh air to the drains; in construction it is similar to the one shown in fig. 9, but has only two branches entering it instead of five. In fig. 24, A is a rain-water pipe discharging to the gulley B, which is untrapped to allow of the See also:ventilation of the branch C-B. C is a length of piping brought up to the surface of the ground and finished with a cap, which is removed when it is found necessary to clear away any obstruction. A See also:special shaped junction here allows the rods to be pushed up either branch as required. D and E are trapped gulleys as already described. F is an untrapped gulley serving to ventilate the drain. G, H and J the same as for fig. 23. K is a pair of See also:man-holes built See also:side by side, one for storm water and the other for sewage. Both are fitted with intercepting traps, and the sewage chamber is ventilated by an air inlet at L as in fig. 23. The cover of the storm water manhole need not be sealed, and if necessary could be fitted with a grating and be used to drain the forecourt. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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