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See also:PICHEGRU, See also:CHARLES (1761-1804) , See also:French See also:general, was See also:born at See also:Arbois, or, according to Charles See also:Nodier, at See also:Les Planches, near Lons-le-Saulnier, on the 16th of See also:February 1761. His See also:father was a labourer, but the friars of Arbois gave the boy a See also:good See also:education, and one of his masters, the Pere Partault, took him to the military school of Brienne. In 1783 he entered the first See also:regiment of See also:artillery, where he rapidly See also:rose to the See also:rank of See also:adjutant-sublieutenant. When the Revolution began he became See also:leader of the Jacobin party in See also:Besancon, and when a regiment of See also:volunteers of the See also:department of the See also:Gard marched through the See also:city he was elected See also:lieutenant-See also:colonel. The See also:fine See also:condition of his regiment was soon remarked in the See also:army of the See also:Rhine, and his organizing ability was made use of by an See also:appointment on the See also:staff, and finally by his promotion to the rank of general of See also:brigade. In 1793 See also:Carnot and See also:Saint Just were sent to find roturier generals who could be successful; Carnot discovered See also:Jourdan, and Saint Just discovered See also:Hoche and Pichegru. In co-operation with Hoche and the army of the Moselle, Pichegru, now general of See also:division and in command of the army of the Rhine, had to reconquer See also:Alsace and to reorganize the disheartened troops of the See also:republic. They succeeded; Pichegru made use of the elan of his soldiers to win innumerable small engagements, and with Hoche forced the lines of Haguenau and relieved See also:Landau. In See also:December 1793 Hoche was arrested, it is said owing in See also:part to his colleague's machinations, and Pichegru became See also:commander-in-See also:chief of the army of the Rhine-and-Moselle, whence he was summoned to succeed Jourdan in the army of the See also:North in February 1794. It was now that he fought his three See also:great See also:campaigns of one See also:year. The See also:English and Austrians held a strong position along the Sambre to the See also:sea. After vainly attempting to break the See also:Austrian centre, Pichegru suddenly turned their See also:left, and defeated See also:Clerfayt at See also:Cassel, See also:Menin and Courtrai, while See also:Moreau, his second in command, defeated See also:Coburg at See also:Tourcoing in May 1794; then after a pause, during which Pichegru feigned to besiege See also:Ypres, he again dashed at Clerfayt and defeated him at Rousselaer and Hooglede, while Jourdan came up with the new army of the Sambre-and-See also:Meuse, and utterly routed the Austrians at See also:Fleurus on the 27th of See also:June 1794. Pichegru began his second See also:campaign by See also:crossing the Meuse on the 18th of See also:October, and after taking See also:Nijmwegen drove the Austrians beyond the Rhine. Then, instead of going into See also:winter-quarters, he prepared his army for a winter
campaign. On the 28th of December he crossed the Meuse on the See also:ice, and stormed the See also:island of Bommel, then crossed the Waal in the same manner, and, See also:driving the English before him, entered See also:Utrecht on the 19th of See also:January, and See also:Amsterdam on the loth of January, and soon occupied the whole of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland. This See also:grand feat of arms was marked by many points of See also:interest, such as the See also:capture of the Dutch See also:ships, which were frozen in the See also:Helder, by the French hussars, and the splendid discipline of the ragged battalions in Amsterdam, who, with the richest city of the See also:continent to See also:sack, yet behaved with a self-See also:restraint which few revolutionary and See also:Napoleonic armies attained. The former friend of Saint Just now offered his services to the Thermidorians, and after receiving from the See also:Convention the See also:title of " Sauveur de la Patrie," subdued the sans-culottes of See also:Paris, when they rose in insurrection against the Convention on 12 Germinal (See also:April 1). Pichegru then took command of the armies of the North, the Sambre-and-Meuse, and the Rhine, and crossing the Rhine in force took See also:Mannheim in May 1795. When his fame was at its height he allowed his colleague Jourdan to be beaten, betrayed all his plans to the enemy, and took part in organizing a See also:conspiracy for the return of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII., in which he was to See also:play, for his own aggrandizement, the part that See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
Monk played from higher motives in the English revolution. His intrigues were suspected, and when he offered his resignation to the See also:Directory in October 17 95 it was to his surprise promptly accepted. He retired in disgrace, but hoped to serve the royalist cause by securing his See also:election to the See also:Council of Five See also:Hundred in May 1797. He was there the royalist leader, and planned a coup d'etat, but on the 18th Fructidor he was arrested, and with fourteen others deported to See also:Cayenne in 1797. Escaping, he reached See also:London in 1798, and served on General Korsakov's staff in the campaign of 1799. He went to Paris in See also:August 1803 with Georges See also:Cadoudal to See also:head a royalist rising against See also:Napoleon; but, betrayed by a friend, he was arrested on the 28th of February 18c4, and on the 15th of April was found strangled in See also:prison. It has often been asserted that he was murdered by the orders of Napoleon, but there is no See also:foundation for the See also:story.
Pichegru's campaigns of 1794 are marked by traits of an audacious See also:genius which would not have disgraced Napoleon. His tremendous See also:physical strength, the See also:personal ascendancy he gained by this and by his See also:powers of command made him a peculiarly formidable opponent, and thus enabled him to maintain a discipline which guaranteed the punctual See also:execution of his orders. He had also, strangely enough, the See also:power of captivating honest men like Moreau. He flattered in turn Saint Just and the Terrorists, the Thermidorians and the See also:Directors, and played always for his own See also:hand—a See also:strange egoist who rose to fame as the leader of an idealist and sentimental crusade.
There is no really good See also:life of Pichegru; perhaps the best is J. M. Gassier's See also:Vie du general Pichegru (Paris, 1815). For his See also:treason, trial and See also:death, consult See also:Montgaillard's Memoires concernant la trahison de Pichegru (1804); Fauche-See also:Borel's Memoires; See also:Savary, Memoires sur la mort de Pichegru (Paris, 1825) ; and G. Pierret, Pichegru, son prods et sa mort (1826).
End of Article: PICHEGRU, CHARLES (1761-1804)
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