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fell in love with Madame de Vermenou, the widow of a French officer. But while on a visit to Geneva, Madame de Vermenou met Suzanne Curchod, the daughter of a pastor near See also:

LAUSANNE

Lausanne, to whom See also:

Gibbon had beenengaged, and brought her back as her See also:

COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion to Paris in 1764. There Necker, transferring his love from the widow to the poor Swiss girl, married Suzanne before the end of the See also:

YEAR

year. She encouraged her See also:

HUSBAND

husband to try and make himself a public position. He accordingly became a See also:

SYNDIC (Late Lat. syndicus, Gr. vivv&aos, one who helps in a court of justice, an advocate, representative, crap, with, and Sirc77, justice)

syndic or director of the French See also:

East See also:

India See also:

COMPANY

Company, and, after showing his See also:

FINANCIAL

financial ability in its management, defended it in an able memoir against the attacks of A.

See also:

MORELLET, ANDRE (1727-1819)

Morellet in 1769. Meanwhile he had made See also:

INTEREST

interest with the French See also:

government by lending it See also:

MONEY

money, and was appointed See also:

RESIDENT

resident at Paris by the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of Geneva. Madame Necker entertained the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief leaders of the See also:

POLITICAL

political, financial and See also:

LITERARY

literary worlds of Paris, and her Fridays became as greatly frequented as the Mondays of Madame See also:

GEOFFRIN, MARIE THERESE RODET (1699-1777)

Geoffrin, or the Tuesdays of Madame Helvetius. In 1773 Necker won the See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of the Academie Francaise for an eloge on See also:

COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert, and in 1775 published his Essai sur la legislation et le See also:

commerce See also:

des grains, in which he attacked the See also:

FREE

free-See also:

trade policy of See also:

TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot. His wife now believed he could get into See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as a See also:

GREAT

great financier, and made him give up his See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the bank, which he transferred to his See also:

BROTHER

brother Louis. In See also:

OCTOBER

October 1776 Necker was made finance minister of See also:

France, though with the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title only of, director of the treasury, which, however, he changed in 1777 for that of director-See also:

general of the finances. He did great See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good in regulating the finances by attempting to See also:

DIVIDE

divide the See also:

TAILLE (from Fr. tailler, to cut or divide; late Lat. taliare, said to come from talia, talea)

taille or See also:

POLL

poll tax more equally, by abolishing the " vingtieme d'industrie," and establishing monts de piete (establishments for loaning money on See also:

SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security). But his greatest financial See also:

MEASURES

measures were his See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to fund the French See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt and his See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of annuities under the See also:

GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of the See also:

state. The operation of funding was too difficult to be suddenly accomplished, and Necker rather pointed out the right See also:

LINE

line to be followed than completed the operation. In all this he treated French finance rather as a banker than as a profound political economist, and thus fell far See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of Turgot, who was the very greatest economist of his See also:

day. Politically he did not do much to stave off the coming Revolution, and his establishment of provincial assemblies was only a timid application of Turgot's great See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the administrative reorganization of France. In 1781 he published his famous Compte rendu, in which he See also:

drew the See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance See also:

SHEET

sheet of France, and was dismissed from his office.

Yet his dismissal was not really due to his See also:

BOOK

book, but to the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

MARIE

Marie Antoinette, whose schemes for benefiting the duc de See also:

GUINES

Guines he had thwarted. In retirement he occupied himself with literature, and with his only See also:

child, his daughter, who in 1786 married the See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador of See also:

Sweden and became Madame de See also:

STAEL, MADAME DE

Stael (q.v.). But neither Necker nor his wife cared to remain out of office, and in 1787 Necker was banished by " lettre de cachet " 40 leagues from Paris for attacking See also:

Calonne. In 1788 the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, which had at the bidding of the literary guests of Madame Necker come to believe that Necker was the only minister who could " stop the deficit," as they said, demanded Necker's recall, and in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1788 he became once more director-general of the finances. Through-out the momentous months which followed the See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Necker is See also:

PART

part of the See also:

HISTORY

history of the French Revolution (q.v.). Necker put a stop to the See also:

REBELLION

rebellion in See also:

DAUPHINE

Dauphine by legalizing its See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, and then set to See also:

WORK

work to arrange for the See also:

SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons of the states general. Throughout the See also:

early months of 1789 he was regarded as the saviour of France, but his conduct at the See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the states general showed that he regarded it merely as an assembly which should See also:

grant money, not organize reforms. But as he had advised the calling of the states general, and the See also:

double See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation of the third See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and then permitted the orders to deliberate and See also:

VOTE

vote in See also:

COMMON

common, he was regarded as the cause of the Revolution by the See also:

court, and on See also:

JULY

July 11 was ordered to leave France at once. Necker's dismissal brought about the taking of the See also:

BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille, which induced the See also:

king to recall him. He was received with joy in every See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city he traversed, but at Paris he again proved to be no statesman. Believing that he could See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save France alone, he refused to See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act with See also:

Mirabeau or La Fayette. He caused the king's See also:

ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the suspensive See also:

VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto, by which he sacrificed his chief See also:

PREROGATIVE

prerogative in September, and destroyed all See also:

CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of a strong executive by contriving the See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 7, by which the See also:

MINISTRY

ministry might not be chosen from the assembly.

Financially he proved equally incapable for a See also:

time of crisis, and could not understand the need of such extreme measures as the establishment of See also:

ASSIGNATS (from Lat. assignatus, assigned)

assignats in See also:

order to keep the country quiet. His popularity vanished when his only See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was to ask the assembly for new loans, and in September 1790 he resigned his office, unregretted by a single Frenchman. Not without difficulty he reached Coppet, near Geneva, an estate he had bought in 1784. Here he occupied himself with literature, but Madame Necker pined for her Paris See also:

SALON

salon and died in 1794. He continued to live on at Coppet, °under the care of his daughter, Madame de Stael, and his niece, Madame Necker de See also:

Saussure, but his time was past, and his books had no political influence. A momentary excitement was caused by the advance of the French armies in 1798, when he burnt most of his political papers. He died at Coppet in See also:

APRIL

April 1804. finance (1802); Manuscrits de M. Necker, published by his daughter (1804); Suites funestes d'une seule faute, published after his See also:

DEATH

death. See also Le Salon de Madame Necker, by the Vicomte d'See also:

HAUSSONVILLE, JOSEPH OTHENIN BERNARD DE CLERON, COMTE

Haussonville (2 vols., 1882), compiled from the papers at Coppet; Ch. Gomel, See also:

Les Causes financieres de la revolution francaise (Paris, 1892) ; and for contemporary tracts and See also:

PAMPHLETS

pamphlets M. See also:

TOURNEUX, JEAN MAURICE (1849— )

Tourneux, Bibl. de l'histoire de Paris See also:

PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant la revolution (vol. iv., 1906); also (for the earlier ones) Collection See also:

COMPLETE

complete de tous les ouvrages pour et contre M.

Necker, avec des notes critiques . . . (3 vols., See also:

Utrecht, 1781). (H. M. S.; J. T.

End of Article: NECKER, JACQUES (1732—1804)

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