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See also:CALONNE, See also:CHARLES See also:ALEXANDRE DE (1734-1802) , See also:French statesman, was See also:born at See also:Douai of a See also:good See also:family. He entered the profession of the See also:law, and became in See also:succession See also:advocate to the See also:general See also:council of See also:Artois, procureur to the See also:parlement of Douai, See also:master of See also:requests, then See also:intendant of See also:Metz (1768) and of See also:Lille (1774). He seems to have been a See also:man of See also:great business capacity, See also:gay and careless in temperament, and thoroughly unscrupulous in See also:political See also:action. In the terrible crisis of affairs preceding the French Revolution, when See also:minister after minister, tried in vain to replenish the exhausted royal See also:treasury and was dismissed for want of success, Calonne was summoned to take the general See also:control of affairs. He assumed See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office on the 3rd of See also:November 1783. He owed the position to See also:Vergennes, who for three years and a See also:half continued to support him; but the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king was not well disposed towards him, and, according to the testimony of the See also:Austrian See also:ambassador, his reputation with the public was extremely poor. In taking office he found " 600 millions to pay and neither See also:money nor See also:credit." At first he attempted to develop the latter, and to carry on the See also:government by means of loans in such a way as to maintain public confidence in its solvency. In See also:October 1785 he recoined the See also:gold coinage, and he See also:developed the caisse d' escompte. But these See also:measures failing, he proposed to the king the suppression of See also:internal customs, duties and the See also:taxation of the See also:property of nobles and See also:clergy. See also:Turgot and See also:Necker had attempted these reforms, and Calonne attributed their failure to the malevolent See also:criticism of the parlements. Therefore he had an See also:assembly of " notables " called together in See also:January 1787. Before it he exposed the deficit in the treasury, and proposed the See also:establishment of a subvention territoriale, which should be levied on all property without distinction. This suppression of privileges was badly received by the privileged notables. Calonne, angered, printed his reports and so alienated the See also:court. See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVI. dismissed him on the 8th of See also:April 1787 and exiled him to See also:Lorraine. The joy was general in See also:Paris, where Calonne, accused of wishing to See also:augment the imposts, was known as " See also:Monsieur Deficit." In reality his audacious See also:plan of reforms, which Necker took up later, might have saved the See also:monarchy had it been firmly seconded by the king. Calonne soon afterwards passed over to See also:England, and during his See also:residence there kept up a polemical See also:correspondence with Necker on the finances. In 1789, when the states-general were about to assemble, he crossed over to See also:Flanders in the See also:hope of being allowed to offer himself for See also:election, but he was sternly forbidden to enter See also:France. In revenge he joined the emigre party at See also:Coblenz, wrote in their favour, and expended nearly all the See also:fortune brought him by his wife, a wealthy widow. In 18o2, having again taken up his See also:abode in See also:London, he received permission from See also:Napoleon to return to France. He died on the 3oth of October 1802, about a See also:month after his arrival in his native See also:country.
See Ch. Gomel, See also:Les Causes financieres de la Revolution (Paris, 1893) R. Stourm, Les Finances de l'ancien regime et de la Revolution (a vols., Paris, 1885); Susane, La Tactique financilre de Calonne, with bibliography (Paris, 1902).
End of Article: CALONNE, CHARLES ALEXANDRE DE (1734-1802)
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