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See also:BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE , the name of a See also:family of See also:French painters. See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis (1609-1674), who was one of the See also:original members of the See also:Academy of See also:Painting and See also:Sculpture (1648), became celebrated under Louis XIV. His traditions were continued by his See also:children: See also:GENEVIEVE (1645-1708), who married the sculptor Jacques Clerion; MADELEINE (1646-1710), whose See also:work survives in the Trophees d'armes at See also:Versailles; BoN (1649-1717), a successful teacher and decorative artist; and Lours the younger (1654-1733), who copied See also:Raphael's cartoons for the Gobelins See also:tapestry, and besides taking a high See also:place as a painter was also a designer of medals.
BOULOGNE-SUR-MER, a fortified seaport of See also:northern See also:France and See also:chief See also:town of an See also:arrondissement in Pas-de-See also:Calais, situated on the See also:shore of the See also:English Channel at the mouth of the See also:river Liane, 157 M. N.N.W. of See also:Paris on the Northern railway, and 28 m. by See also:sea S.E. of See also:Folkestone, See also:Kent. Pop. (1906) 49,636. Boulogne occupies the See also:summit and slopes of a See also:ridge of hills skirting the right See also:bank of the Liane; the See also:industrial See also:quarter of Capecure extends along the opposite bank, and is reached by two See also:bridges, while the river is also crossed by a See also:double railway viaduct. The town consists of two parts, the Haute Ville and the Basse Ville. The former, situated on the See also:top of the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill, is of comparatively small extent, and forms almost a parallelogram, surrounded by ramparts of the 13th See also:century, and, outside them, by boulevards, and entered by See also:ancient gateways. In this See also:part are the See also:law See also:court, the See also:chateau and the hotel de ville (built in the 18th century), and a See also:belfry See also:tower of the 13th and 17th centuries is in the immediate neighbourhood. In the chateau.
(13th century) now used as See also:barracks, the See also:emperor See also:Napoleon III. was confined after the abortive insurrection of 1840. At some distance See also:north-See also:west stands the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of Notre-See also:Dame, a well-known place of See also:pilgrimage, erected (1827-1866) on the site of an old See also:building destroyed in the Revolution, of which the extensive See also:crypt still remains. The See also:modern town stretches from the See also:foot of the hill to the See also:harbour, along which it extends, terminating in an expanse of sandy See also:beach frequented by bathers, and provided with a bathing See also:establishment and See also:casino. It contains several See also:good streets, some of which are, however, very steep. A See also:main See also:street, named successively See also:rue de la Lampe, St See also:Nicolas and Grande rue, extends from the See also:bridge across the Liane to the See also:promenade by the See also:side of the ramparts. This is intersected first by the Quai See also:Gambetta, and farther back by the rue See also:Victor See also:Hugo and the rue Nationale, which contain the See also:principal shops. The public buildings include several modern churches, two hospitals and a museum with collections of antiquities, natural See also:history, See also:porcelain, &c. Connected with the museum is a public library with 75,000 volumes and a number of valuable See also:manuscripts, many of them richly illuminated. There are English churches in the town, and numerous boarding-See also:schools intended for English pupils. Boulogne is the seat of a sub-See also:prefect, and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade-arbitrators, a chamber of commerce and a See also:branch of the Bank of France. There are also communal colleges, a See also:national school of See also:music, and schools of See also:hydrography, commerce and See also:industry. Boulogne has for a See also:long See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time been one of the most anglicized of French cities; and in the tourist See also:season a continuous stream of English travellers reach the See also:continent at this point.
The harbour is formed by the mouth of the Liane. Two jetties enclose a channel leading into the river, which forms a tidal See also:basin with a See also:depth at See also:neap-tides of 24 ft. Alongside this is an extensive See also:dock, and behind it an inner See also:port. There is also a tidal basin opening off the entrance channel. The depth of See also:water in the river-harbour is 33 ft. at See also:spring-See also:tide and 24 ft. at neap-tide; in the sluice of the dock the See also:numbers are 291 and 231 respectively. The commerce of Boulogne consists chiefly in the importation of jute, See also:wool, See also:woven goods of See also:silk and,wool, skins,
threads, See also:coal, See also:timber, and See also:iron and See also:steel, and the exportation of See also:wine, woven goods, table See also:fruit, potatoes and other vegetables, skins, motor-cars, See also:forage and See also:cement. The See also:average See also:annual value of the exports in the five years 190I-1905 was £10,953,000 (£11,704,000 in the years 1896-1900), and of the imports £6,064,000 (£7,003,000 in the years 1896-1900). From 1901 to 1905 the annual average of vessels entered, exclusive of fishing-smacks, was 2735, See also:tonnage 1,747,699; and cleared 2750, tonnage 1,748,297. The See also:total number of passengers between Folkestone and Boulogne in 1906 was 295,000 or 49 % above the average for the years 1901-1905. These travelled by the steamers of the See also:South-Eastern & See also:Chatham railway See also:company. The liners of the Dutch-See also:American, See also:Hamburg-American and other companies also See also:call at the port. In the extent and value of its See also:fisheries Boulogne is exceeded by no seaport in France.
The most important branch is the See also:herring-See also:fishery; next in value is the See also:mackerel. Large quantities of fresh See also:fish are transmitted to Paris by railway, but an abundant See also:supply is reserved to the town itself. The fishermen live for the most part in a See also:separate quarter called La Beurriere, situated in the upper part of the town. In 1905 the fisheries of Boulogne and the neighbouring See also:village of Staples employed over 400 boats and 4500 men, the value of the fish taken being estimated at £1,025,000. Among the numerous industrial establishments in Boulogne and its environs may be mentioned foundries, cement-factories, important steel-See also:pen manufactories, oil-See also:works, dye-works, fish-curing works, See also:flax-See also:mills, saw-mills, and manufactories of See also:cloth, fireproof See also:ware, See also:chocolate, boots and shoes, and See also:soap. See also:Shipbuilding is also carried on.
Among the See also:objects of See also:interest in the neighbourhood the most remarkable is the Colonne de la Grande Armee, erected on the high ground above the town, in See also:honour of Napoleon I., on occasion of the projected invasion of See also:England, for which he here made See also:great preparations. The See also:pillar, which is of the Doric See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, 166 ft. high, is surmounted by a statue of the emperor by A. S. Bosio. Though begun in 1804, the See also:monument was not completed till 1841. On the edge of the cliff to the See also:east of the port are some See also:rude See also:brick remains of an old building called Tour d'Ordre, said to be the ruins of a tower built by Caligula at the time of his intended invasion of See also:Britain.
Boulogne is identified with the Gessoriacum of the See also:Romans, under whom it was an important harbour. It is suggested that it was the See also:Portus Itius where See also:Julius See also:Caesar assembled his See also:fleet (see ITIUS PORTUS). At an See also:early See also:period it began to be known as See also:Bononia, a name which has been gradually modified into the See also:present See also:form. The town was destroyed by the See also:Normans in 882, but restored about 912. During the Carolingian period Boulogne was the chief town of a countship that was for long the subject of dispute between See also:Flanders and Ponthieu. From the See also:year 965 it belonged to the See also:house of Ponthieu, of which See also:Godfrey of See also:Bouillon, the first See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Jerusalem, was a See also:scion. See also:Stephen of See also:Blois, who became king of England in 1135, had married Mahaut, daughter and heiress of Eustace, See also:count of Boulogne. Their daughter See also:Mary married See also:Matthew of See also:Alsace (d. 1173), and her daughter See also:Ida (d. 1216) married Renaud of See also:Dammartin. Of this last See also:marriage was issue Mahaut, countess of Boulogne, wife of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip Hurepel (d. 1234), a son of King Philip See also:Augustus.
To her succeeded the house of See also:Brabant, issue of Mahaut of Boulogne, See also:sister of Ida, and wife of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I. of Brabant; and then the house of See also:Auvergne, issue of Alice, daughter of Henry I. .of Brabant, inherited the Boulonnais. It remained in the See also:possession of descendants of these families until Philip the Good, See also:duke of See also:Burgundy, seized upon it in 1419. In 1477 Louis XI. of France reconquered it, and reunited it to the French See also:crown, giving Lauraguais as See also:compensation to See also:Bertrand IV. de la Tour, count of Auvergne, See also:heir of the house of Auvergne. To avoid doing See also:homage to Mary of Burgundy, suzerain of the Boulonnais and countess of See also:Artois, Louis XI. declared the countship of Boulogne to be held in See also:fee of Our See also:Lady of Boulogne. In 1544 Henry VIII.—more successful in this than Henry III. had been in 1J47—took the town by See also:siege; but it was restored to France in 1550,
From 1566 to the end of the 18th century it was the seat of a bishopric.
BOULOGNE-SUR-See also:SEINE, a town of northern France, in the See also:department of Seine, on the right bank of the Seine, S.W. of Paris and immediately outside the fortifications. Pop. (1906) 49,412. The town has a See also:Gothic church of the 14th and 15th centuries (restored in 1863) founded in honour of Notre-Dame of Boulogne-sur-Mer. To this fact is due the name of the place, which was previously called Menus-See also:les-St See also:Cloud. Laundrying is extensively carried on as well as the manufacture of See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal boxes, soap, oil and See also:furniture, and there are numerous handsome residences.
For the neighbouring Bois de Boulogne see PARIS.
End of Article: BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE
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