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HONORIUS

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 661 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HONORIUS , the name of four popes and one antipope (Honorius II.; i.e. 2 below). 1. HONORIUS I:, See also:

pope from 625 to 638, was of a See also:noble See also:Roman See also:family, his See also:father See also:Petronius having been See also:consul. He was very active in carrying on the See also:work of See also:Gregory the See also:Great, especially in See also:England; See also:Bede (Hist. Eccl. ii. 17) gives a See also:letter of his to See also:King See also:Edwin of See also:Northumbria, in which he admonishes him diligently to study Gregory's writings; and it was at Edwin's See also:request that Honorius conferred the See also:pallium on the bishops of See also:Canterbury and See also:York (ib. ii. 18). He also admonished the Irish for not following the See also:custom of the See also:Catholic See also:Church in the celebration of See also:Easter (ib. ii. 19), and commissioned Birinus to preach See also:Christianity in Wessex (ib. iii. 7). It is, however, in connexion with the Monothelite See also:heresy that Honorius is most remembered, his attitude in this See also:matter having acquired fresh importance during the controversy raised by the promulgation of the See also:dogma of papal See also:infallibility in 187o.

In his efforts to consolidate the papal See also:

power in See also:Italy, Honorius had been hampered by the See also:schism of " the three chapters " in See also:Istria and See also:Venetia, a schism that was ended by the deposition in 628 of the schismatic See also:patriarch See also:Fortunatus of See also:Aquileia-See also:Grado and the See also:elevation of a Roman sub-See also:deacon to the patriarchate. It is suggested that help rendered to him in this matter by the See also:emperor See also:Heraclius, or by the See also:Greek See also:exarch, may have inclined the pope to take the emperor's See also:side in the Monothelite controversy, which See also:broke out shortly afterwards in consequence of the See also:formula proposed by the emperor with a view to reconciling the See also:Monophysites and the Catholics. However that may be, he joined the patriarchs of See also:Constantinople and See also:Alexandria in supporting the See also:doctrine of " one will " in See also:Christ, and expounded this view forcibly, if somewhat obscurely, in two letters to the patriarch See also:Sergius (Epist. 4 and 5 in See also:Migne, Patrologia. See also:Ser. See also:Lat. lxxx. 470, 474). For this he was, more than See also:forty years after his See also:death (See also:October 638), anathematized by name along with the Monothelite heretics by the See also:council of Constantinople (First Trullan) in 681; and this condemnation was subsequently confirmed by more than one pope, particularly by See also:Leo II. See See also:Hefele, See also:Die Irrlehre See also:des Honorius u. die vaticanische Lehre der Unfehlbarkeit (1871), who, however, modified his view in his Conciliengeschichte (1877). Honorius I. was succeeded by See also:Severinus. See the articles by R. Zopffel and G.

See also:

Kruger in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed. 1900), and by T. Grisar in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon (See also:Freiburg, 1889). In addition to the See also:bibliographies there given see also U. See also:Chevalier, Repertoire des See also:sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie, s. " Honorius I. " (See also:Paris, 19o5). (W. A. P.) 2. HONORIUS II. (d.

1072), antipope, was the name taken by See also:

Peter Cadalus, who was See also:born at See also:Verona and became See also:bishop of See also:Parma in 1046. After the death of Pope See also:Nicholas II. in See also:July ro6r he was chosen pope by some See also:German and Lombard bishops at See also:Basel in opposition to See also:Alexander II., who had been elected by the party led by See also:Hildebrand, afterwards Pope Gregory VII. Taking the name of Honorius IL, Cadalus was thus the representative of those who were opposed to reforms in the Church. See also:Early in ro62 he advanced towards See also:Rome, and though his supporters defeated the forces of his See also:rival outside the See also:city, he soon returned to Parma to await the decision of the advisers of the See also:young German king, See also:Henry IV., whose See also:mother See also:Agnes had supported his See also:election. About this See also:time, however, Agnes was deprived of her power, and the See also:chief authority in See also:Germany passed to See also:Anno, See also:archbishop of See also:Cologne, who was hostile to Cadalus. Under these circumstances the antipope again marched towards Rome in ro63 and entered the city, but was soon forced to take See also:refuge in the See also:castle of St Angelo. The ensuing See also:war between the rival popes lasted for about a See also:year, and then Cadalus See also:left Rome as a fugitive. Refusing to attend a council held at See also:Mantua in May 1064, he was deposed, and he died in 1072, without having abandoned his claim to the papal See also:chair. See the See also:article on Honorius II. in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, See also:Band viii. (See also:Leipzig, 1900). (A. W.

H.*) 3. HONORIUS II. (Lamberto Scannabecchi), pope from the 15th of See also:

December 1124 to the 13th of See also:February 1130, a native of Fagnano near See also:Imola, of considerable learning and great religious zeal, successively See also:archdeacon at See also:Bologna, See also:cardinal-See also:priest of Sta Prassede under See also:Urban II., cardinal-bishop of See also:Ostia and See also:Velletri under See also:Paschal II., shared the See also:exile of See also:Gelasius II. in See also:France, and helped See also:Calixtus II. to conclude the See also:Concordat of See also:Worms (1122), which settled the See also:investiture contest. He owed his election in large measure to force employed by the Frangipani, but was consecrated with See also:general consent on the 21st of December 1124. By means of a See also:close See also:alliance with that powerful family, he was enabled to maintain See also:peace at Rome, and the death of Emperor Henry V. (1125) further strengthened the papal position. He recognized the Saxon See also:Lothair III. as king of the See also:Romans and later as emperor, and excommunicated his rival, See also:Conrad of See also:Hohenstaufen. He sanctioned the Praemonstratensian See also:order and that of the Knights See also:Templars. He excommunicated See also:Count See also:William of See also:Normandy for See also:marriage in prohibited degree; brought to an end, through the See also:influence of See also:Bernard of See also:Clairvaux, the struggle with See also:Louis VI. of France; and arranged with Henry I. for the reception of papal legates in England. He laid claim as feudal overlord to the See also:Norman possessions in See also:southern Italy (July 1127), and excommunicated the claimant, See also:Duke See also:Roger of See also:Sicily, but was unable to prevent the See also:foundation of the Neapolitan See also:monarchy, for Duke Roger defeated the papal See also:army and forced recognition in See also:August 1128. Honorius appealed to Lotha.ir for assistance, but died before it arrived.

His successor was See also:

Innocent II. The chief sources for the See also:life of Honorius II. are his " Epistolae et Privilegia," in J. P. Migne, See also:Patrol. Lat. vol. 166, and the Vitae of Cardinals Pandulf and Boso in J. M. Watterich, Pontif. Roman. vitae, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1862) ; also " Codice diplomatico e bollario di Onorio II." in Fr. Liverani opere, vol. 4 (See also:Macerata, 1859), and Jaffe-See also:Wattenbach, Regesta pontif.

Roman. (1885–1888). See J. See also:

Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III. (See also:Bonn, 1893); F. See also:Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:Middle Ages, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. See also:Hamilton (See also:London, 1896) ; H. H. See also:Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 4 (London, 1899); Fr.

Liverani, " Lamberto da Fiagnano " in Opere, vol. 3 (Macerata, 1859) ; A. See also:

Wagner, Die unteritalischen Normannen and das Papsttum Io86-1150 (See also:Breslau, 1885) ; E. Bernheim, Zur Geschichte des Wormser Concordats (See also:Gottingen, 1878) ; Volkmar, " Das Verhaltnis Lothars III. zur Investiturfrage," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. 26. (C. H. HA.) 4. HoxoRrus III. (Cencio Savelli), pope from the 18th of July 1216 to the 18th of See also:March 1227, a highly-educated and pious Roman, successively See also:canon of Sta Maria See also:Maggiore, cardinal-deacon of Sta See also:Lucia in Silice, See also:vice-See also:chancellor, See also:chamberlain and cardinal-priest of Sti Giovanni e See also:Paolo, was the successor of Innocent III. He made peace with See also:Frederick II., in accordance with which the emperor was crowned with his wife See also:Constance in St Peter's on the 22nd of See also:November 1220, and swore to See also:accord full See also:liberty to the church and to undertake a crusade. Honorius was eager to carry out the decrees of the Lateran Council of 1215 against the Albigenses and to further the crusade proclaimed by his predecessor.

He crowned Peter of See also:

Courtenay emperor of See also:Byzantium in See also:April 1217; espoused the cause of the young Henry III. of England against the barons; accepted the Isle of See also:Man as a perpetual See also:fief; arbitrated See also:differences between See also:Philip II. of France and See also:James of See also:Aragon; and made See also:special ecclesiastical regulations for the Scandinavian countries. He sanctioned the Dominican order (22nd of November 1216), making St See also:Dominic papal See also:major-domo in 1218; approved the Franciscan order by See also:bull of the 29th of November 1223; and authorized many of the See also:tertiary orders. He maintained, on the whole, a tranquil See also:rule at Rome; but Frederick II.'s refusal to interrupt his reforms in Sicily in order to go on the crusade gave the pope much trouble. Honorius died in 1227, before the emperor had fulfilled his See also:oath, and was succeeded by Gregory IX. Honorius III. left many writings which have been collected and published by See also:Abbe Horoy in the Medii aevi bibliotheca patristica, vols. i.-ii. (Paris, 1899–1883). Among them are five books of See also:decretals, compiled about 1226; a continuation of the See also:Liber Pontificalis; a life of Gregory VII.; a See also:coronation See also:form; and a large number of sermons. His most important work is the Liber censuum See also:Romance ecclesiae, written in 1192 and containing a See also:record of the income of the Roman Church and of its -relations with See also:secular authorities. The last named is admirably edited by P. See also:Fabre in Bibliotheque des ecoles frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome (Paris, 1892). The letters of Honorius are in F. Liverani, Spicilegium Liberianum (1863).

There are See also:

good Regesta in Latin and See also:Italian, edited by P. Pressutti (Rome, 1888, &c.). See J. See also:Clausen, Papst Honorius III. (1895) ; P. T. Masetti, I Pontefici Onorio III. ed Innocenzo IV. a fronte dell' Imperatore Federico II. nel secolo XIII. (1884); F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1900–1902); K.

J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. 5, 2nd ed.; H. H. Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 5 (London, 1899) ; T. Frantz, Der See also:

grosse Kampf zwischen Kaisertum u. Papsttum zur Zeit des Hohenstaufen See also:Friedrich II. (See also:Berlin, 1903); W. See also:Norden, Das Papsttum u. Byzanz (Berlin, 19,13); M. Tangl, Die paps/See also:lichen Kanzleiordungen von 1200–1500 (See also:Innsbruck, 1894) ; Caillemer, Le Pape Honorius III. et le See also:droit See also:civil (See also:Lyons, 1881) ; F. See also:Vernet, Etudes sur See also:les sermons d' Honorius III.

(Lyons, 1888). There is an excellent article, with exhaustive bibliography, by H. Schulz in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, 3rd edition. (C. H. HA.) 5. Hovoxrus IV. (Jacopo Savelli), pope from the 2nd of April 1285 to the 3rd of April 1287, a member of a prominent Roman family and See also:

grand-See also:nephew of Honorius III., had studied at the university of Paris, been made cardinal-deacon of Sta Maria in Cosmedin, and succeeded See also:Martin IV. Though aged and so crippled that he could not stand alone he displayed remarkable See also:energy as pope. He maintained peace in the states of the Church and friendly relations with See also:Rudolph of See also:Habsburg, and his policy in the Sicilian question was more liberal than that of his predecessor. He showed special favours to the mendicant orders and formally sanctioned the See also:Carmelites and Augustinian Eremites. He was the first pope to employ the great banking houses in See also:northern Italy for the collection of papal dues.

He died at Rome and was succeeded by Nicholas IV. See M. Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaines et de la France, new ed., vols. 20-22 (Paris, 1894), for the chief sources; A. See also:

Potthast, Regesta pontif. Roman. vol. 2 (Berlin, 18?5); M. Prou, " Les registres d'Honorius IV. " in Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athbnes et de Rome (Paris, 1888) ; B. Pawlicki, Papst Honorius IV. (See also:Munster, 1896) ; F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol.

5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1900–1902). (C. H.

End of Article: HONORIUS

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