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See also:DOMINIC, See also:SAINT (1170-1221) , founder of the Dominican See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order of See also:Preaching Friars, was See also:born in 1170 at Calaroga in Old See also:Castile. He spent ten or twelve years in study, chiefly theological, at See also:Palencia, and then, about 1195, he was ordained and became a See also:canon in the See also:cathedral See also:chapter of Osma, his native See also:diocese. The See also:bishop induced his canons to follow the See also:Rule of St See also:Augustine and thus make themselves Augustinian Canons (q.v.); and so Dominic became a canon See also:regular and soon the See also:prior or See also:provost of the cathedral community. The years from 1195 to 1203 have been filled up with fabulous stories of See also:missions to the See also:Moors; but Dominic stayed at Osma, preaching much in the cathedral, until 1203, when he accompanied the bishop on an See also:embassy in behalf of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Castile to " The See also:Marches." This has commonly been taken as See also:Denmark, but more probably it was the See also:French or See also:Italian Marches. When the embassy was over, the bishop and Dominic repaired to See also:Rome, and See also:Innocent III. charged them to preach among the Albigensian heretics in See also:Languedoc. For ten years (1205-1215) this See also:mission in Languedoc was the See also:work of Dominic's See also:life.
The Albigenses (q.v.) have received much sympathy, as being a See also:kind of pre-See also:Reformation Protestants; but it is now recognized that their tenets were an extreme See also:form of See also:Manichaeism. They believed in the existence of two gods, a See also:good (whose son was See also:Christ) and an evil (whose son was Satan) ; See also:matter is the creation of the evil principle, and therefore essentially evil, and the greatest of all sins is sexual intercourse, even in See also:marriage; sinful also is the See also:possession of material goods, and the eating of flesh See also:meat, and many other things. So See also:great was the abhorrence of matter that some even thought it an See also:act of See also:religion to commit See also:suicide by voluntary See also:starvation, or to starve See also:children to See also:death (see See also:article " Neu-Manichaer " by See also:Otto 7,6ckler in ed. 3 of See also:Herzog's Realencyklopadie fiir protestantische Theologie,(19o3); or c. iii. of
See also:Paul See also:Sabatier's Life of St See also:Francis). Such tenets were destructive not only of Catholicism but of See also:Christianity of any kind and of See also:civil society itself ; and for this See also:reason so unecclesiastical a See also:person as the See also:emperor See also:Frederick II. tried to suppress the kindred sects in See also:Italy. In 1208, after the See also:murder of a papal See also:legate, Innocent III. called on the See also:Christian princes to suppress the Albigensian See also:heresy by force of arms, and for seven years the See also:south of See also:France was devastated by one of the most bloodthirsty See also:wars in See also:history, the Albigenses being slaughtered by thousands and their See also:property confiscated wholesale.
During this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, it is the See also:judgment of the most See also:recent See also:Protestant writer on St Dominic that, though keeping on good terms with See also:Simon de See also:Montfort, the See also:leader,,,and praying for the success of the crusaders' arms during the See also:battle of Muret, " yet, so far as can be seen from the See also:sources, Dominic took no See also:part in the crusade, but endeavoured to carry his spiritual activity on the same lines as before. The See also:oldest trustworthy sources know nothing of his having exercised the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of Inquisitor during the Albigensian See also:war " (Grutzmacher). This See also:verdict of a See also:fair-minded and highly competent Protestant See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church historian on the most controverted point of Dominic's career is of great value. His method was to travel over the See also:country on See also:foot and barefooted, in extreme poverty, simplicity and austerity, preaching and instructing in highways and villages and towns, and in the castles of the See also:nobility, controverting and discussing with the heretics. He used often to organize formal disputations with Albigensian leaders, lasting a number of days. Many times plots were laid against his life. Though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for, and after it all, and after the crusade, the See also:population still remained at See also:heart Albigensian. A sense of failure appears in Dominic's last See also:sermon in Languedoc : " For many years I have exhorted you in vain, with gentleness, preaching, praying and weeping. But according to the See also:- PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)
proverb of my country, `where blessing can accomplish nothing, blows may avail.' We shall rouse against you princes and prelates, who, alas, will See also:arm nations and kingdoms against this See also:land . . . and thus blows will avail where blessings and gentleness have been powerless." The See also:threat that seems to be conveyed in these words, of trying to promote a new crusade, was never carried out; the remaining years of Dominic's life were wholly given up to the See also:founding of his order.
The Order of See also:Dominicans See also:grew out of the little See also:band of See also:volunteers that had joined Dominic in his mission among the Albigenses. He had become possessed with the See also:idea of addressing wider circles and of forming an order whose vocation should be to preach and missionize throughout the whole See also:world. By 1214 the See also:nucleus of such an See also:institute was formed See also:round Dominic and was known as the " See also:Holy Preaching." In 1215 the bishop of See also:Toulouse, Dominic's great friend, established them in a church and See also:house of the See also:city, and Dominic went to Rome to obtain the permission of Innocent III. to found his order of preachers. The course of events is traced in the article DOMINICANS. After three years, in 1218, the full permission he desired was given by See also:Honorius III. These last years of his life were spent in journeying backwards and forwards between Toulouse and Rome, where his See also:abode was at the See also:basilica of See also:Santa Sabina on the Aventine, given to him by the See also:pope; and then in extended journeys all over Italy, and to See also:Paris, and into See also:Spain, establishing friaries and organizing the order wherever he went. It propagated and spread with extraordinary rapidity, so that by Dominic's death in 1221, only five or six years after the first See also:practical steps towards the See also:execution of the idea, there were over 500 friars and 6o friaries, divided into 8 provinces embracing the whole of western See also:Europe. Thus Dominic was at his death able to contemplate his great creation solidly established, and well launched on its career to preach to the whole world.
It appears that at the end of his life Dominic had the idea of going himself to preach to the See also:heathen Kuman See also:Tatars on the See also:Dnieper and the See also:Volga. But this was not to be; he was worn out by the incessant toils and fatigues and austerities of his laborious life, and he died at his monastery at See also:Bologna, on the
6th of See also:August 1221. He was canonized in 1234 by See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory IX., who, as See also:Cardinal Ugolino, had been the great friend and supporter both of Dominic and of Francis of See also:Assisi. As St Dominic's See also:character and work do not receive the same See also:general recognition as do St Francis of Assisi's, it will be See also:worth while to quote from the appreciation by Prof: Grutzmacher of See also:Heidelberg:—" It is certain that Dominic was a See also:noble See also:personality of genuine and true piety. . . . Only by the preaching of pure See also:doctrine would he overcome heretics. . He was by nature soft-hearted, so that he often See also:shed tears through warm sympathy. . . . In the purity of his intention and the earnestness with which he strove to carry out his ideal, he was not inferior to Francis."
The See also:chief sources r St Dominic's life are the See also:account by See also:Jordan of See also:Saxony, his successor as See also:master-general of the order, and the See also:evidence of the witnesses at the See also:Process of See also:Canonization,—all in the Builandists' Ada sanctorum, Aug. 4. Probably the best See also:modern Life is that by See also:jean See also:Guiraud, in the See also:series See also:Les See also:Saints (translated into See also:English by Katharine de Mattos, 1901); the bibliography contains a useful See also:list of the chief sources for the history of St Dominic and the order, and of the best modern See also:works thereon. See also the article " Dominicus " in ed. 2 of Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon, and Grutzmacher's excellent article " Dominikus," in ed. 3 of Herzog, Realencyklopddie See also:fur protestantische Theolagie, already referred to. (E. C.
End of Article: DOMINIC, SAINT (1170-1221)
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