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CARMELITES , in See also:England called See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White Friars (from the white See also:mantle over a See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown See also:habit), one of the four mendicant orders. The stories concerning the origin of this See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, seriously put forward and believed in the 17th and 18th centuries, are one of the curiosities of See also:history. It was asserted that See also:Elias established a community of hermits on See also:Mount See also:Carmel, and that this community existed without break until the See also:Christian era and was nothing else than a Jewish Carmelite order, to which belonged the Sons of the Prophets and the See also:Essenes. Members of it were See also:present at St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's first See also:sermon on See also:Pentecost and were converted, and built a See also:chapel on Mount Carmel in See also:honour of the Blessed Virgin See also:Mary, who, as well as the apostles, enrolled herself in the order. In 1668 the Bollandist See also:Daniel Papenbroek (1628-1714), in the See also:March volumes of the Acta Sanctorum, rejected these stories as fables. A controversy arose and the Carmelites had recourse to the See also:Inquisition. In See also:Spain they succeeded in getting the offending volumes of the Ada censured, but in See also:Rome they were less successful, and so hot did thecontroversy become that in 1698 a See also:decree was issued imposing silence upon both parties, until a formal decision should be promulgated—which has not yet been done.
The See also:historical origin of the Carmelites must be placed at the See also:middle of the 12th See also:century, when a crusader from See also:Calabria, named Berthold, and ten companions established themselves as hermits near the See also:cave of Elias on Mount Carmel. A See also:Greek See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk, See also:Phocas, who visited the See also:Holy See also:Land in 1185, gives an See also:account of them, and says that the ruins of an See also:ancient See also:building existed on Mount Carmel; but though it is likely enough that there had previously been Christian monks and hermits on the spot, it is impossible to See also:place the beginning of the Carmelite See also:institute before Berthold. About 1210 the hermits on Carmel received from See also:Albert, Latin See also:patriarch of See also:Jerusalem, a See also:rule comprising sixteen articles. This was the See also:primitive Carmelite rule. The See also:life prescribed was strictly eremitical: the monks were to live in See also:separate cells or huts, devoted to See also:prayer and See also:work; they met only in the See also:oratory for the liturgical services, and were to live a life of See also:great silence, seclusion,, See also:abstinence and austerity. This rule received papal approbation in 1226. Soon, however, the losses of the Christian arms in See also:Palestine made Carmel an unsafe place of See also:residence for western hermits, and so, c. 1240, they migrated first to See also:Cyprus and thence to See also:Sicily, See also:France and England. In England the first See also:establishment was at See also:Alnwick and the second at See also:Aylesford, where the first See also:general See also:chapter of the order was held in 1247, and St See also:Simon Stock, an See also:English anchorite who had joined the order, was elected general. During his generalate the institute was adapted to the conditions of the western lands to which it had been transplanted, and for this purpose the See also:original rule had to be in many ways altered: the austerities were mitigated, and the life was turned from eremitical into cenobitical, but on the mendicant rather than the monastic See also:model. The polity and See also:government were also organized on the same lines, and the Carmelites were turned into mendicants and became one of the four great orders of Mendicant Friars, in England distinguished as the " White Friars " from the white mantle worn over the dark brown habit. This See also:change was made and the new rule approved in 1247, and under this See also:form the Carmelites spread all over western See also:Europe and became exceedingly popular, as an order closely analogous to the See also:Dominicans and See also:Franciscans. In the course of See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, further relaxations of the rule were introduced, and during the Great See also:Schism the Carmelites were divided between the two papal obediences, See also:rival generals being elected,—a See also:state of things that caused still further relaxations. To See also:cope with existing evils See also:Eugenius IV. approved in 1431 of a rule notably milder than that of 1247, but many houses clung to the earlier rule; thus arose among the Carmelites the same See also:division into " observants " and " conventuals" that wrought such See also:mischief among the Franciscans. During the 15th and 16th centuries various attempts at reform arose, as among other orders, and resulted in the formation of semi-See also:independent congregations owing a titular obedience to the general of the order. The Carmelite friars seem to have flourished especially in England, where at the See also:dissolution of the monasteries there were some 40 friaries. (See F. A. Gasquet, English Monastic Life, table and maps; See also:Catholic See also:Dictionary, See also:art. "Carmelites.") There were no Carmelite nunneries in England, and indeed until the middle of the 15th century there were no nuns at all anywhere in the order.
Of all movements in the Carmelite order by far the most important and far-reaching in its results has been the reform initiated by St Teresa. After nearly See also:thirty years passed in a Carmelite See also:convent in See also:Avila under the mitigated rule of 1431, she founded in the same See also:city a small convent wherein a rule stricter than that of 1247 was to be observed. This was in 1562. In spite of opposition and difficulties of all kinds, she succeeded in establishing a number, not only of nunneries, but.(with the co-operation of St See also:John of the See also:Cross, q.v.) also of friaries of the strict observance; so that at her See also:death in 1582 there were of the reform 15 monasteries of men and 17 of See also:women, all in Spain. The interesting and dramatic See also:story of the See also:movement should be sought for in the See also:biographies of the two protagonists; as also
an account of the school of mystical See also:theology founded by them, without doubt the See also:chief contribution made by the Carmelites to See also:religion (see See also:MYSTICISM). Here it must suffice to say that the See also:idea of the reform was to go behind the See also:settlement of 1247 and to restore and emphasize the purely contemplative See also:character of primitive Carmelite life: indeed See also:provision was made for the See also:reproduction, for such as desired it, of the eremitical life led by Berthold and his companions. St Teresa's additions to the rule of 1247 made the life one of extreme bodily austerity and of prolonged prayer for all, two See also:hours of private prayer daily, in addition to the choral canonical See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, being enjoined. From the fact that those of the reform wore sandals in place of shoes and stockings, they have come to be called the Discalced, or See also:bare-footed, Carmelites, also Teresians, in distinction to the Calced or older See also:branch of the order. In 1580 the reformed monasteries were made a separate See also:province under the general of the order, and in 1593 this province was made by papal See also:act an independent order with its own general and government, so that there are now two distinct orders of Carmelites. The Discalced Carmelites spread rapidly all over Catholic Europe, and then to See also:Spanish See also:America and the See also:East, especially See also:India and See also:Persia, in which lands they have carried on to this See also:day extensive missionary undertakings. Both observances suffered severely from the various revolutions, but they both still exist, the Discalced being by far the most numerous and thriving. There are in all some 2000 Carmelite friars, and the nuns are much more numerous. In England and See also:Ireland there are houses, both of men and of women, belonging to each observance.
Carmelitenorden"; See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed. 3), art.
Karmeliter." The story of St Teresa's reform will be found in lives of St Teresa and in her writings, especially the See also:Foundations. See also:Special reference may be made to the See also:works of Zimmerman, a Carmelite See also:friar, Carmel in England (1899), and Monumenta historica Carmelitana, i. (1905 See also:foil.). (E. C.
End of Article: CARMELITES
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