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BIOGRAPHIES

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Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 690 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BIOGRAPHIES .—HUlskamp, Papst See also:

Pius IX. in seinem Leben and Wirken (2nd ed., See also:Munster, 1870); See also:Legge, Pius IX. (See also:London, 2 vols., 1872) ; Gillet, See also:Pie IX., sa See also:vie et See also:les actes de son pontificat (See also:Paris, 1877) ; Shea, See also:Life and Pontificate of Pius IX. (New See also:York, 1877) ; See also:Trollope, Life of Pius IX. (London, 2 vols., 1877) ; F. v. Dellinger " Pius IX." in his Kleine Schriften, ed. See also:Reusch (See also:Stuttgart, 1890), p. 558 sqq.); Stepischnegg, Papst Pius IX. and See also:seine Zeit (2 vols., See also:Vienna, 1879); Wappmansperger, Leben and Wirken See also:des Papstes Pius IX. (See also:Regensburg, 1879) ; Pougeois, Histoire de Pie IX., son pontifical et son siecle (6 vols., Paris, 1877—1886) ; Fr. Nielsen, The See also:History of the Papacy in the Nth See also:Century, translated under the direction of A. F. See also:Mason, vol. ii. (London, 1906).

For his See also:

work as See also:sovereign of the papal states, see F. v. Dellinger, Kirche and Kirchen, Papsttum and Kirchenstaat (See also:Munich, 1861); M. See also:Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, vol. ii. (See also:Gotha, 1882) ; A. F. Nurnberger, Papsttum and Kirchenstaat (3 vols., See also:Mainz, 1897—1900) ; C. Mirbt " See also:Die Geschichtschreibung des vatikanischen Konzils," in the Historische Zeitschrift, See also:lot. Bd. (3. Folge, 5 Bd.) 1908, p. 529-600. SouRcas.—Acta Pia IX.

(4 vols., See also:

Rome, 1854 sqq.); Acta sanctae sedis (Rome, 1865 sqq.). A selection of the documents for the history of Pius IX. will be found in C. Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums and des romischen Katholicismus (2nd ed., See also:Tubingen, L901), §§ 422-442, PP. 361-390. (C.

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