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CARMEL , the See also:mountain promontory by which the seacoast of See also:Palestine is interrupted See also:south of the See also:Bay of See also:Acre, 32° 50' N., 35° E. It continues as a See also:ridge of oolitic See also:limestone, broken by ravines and honeycombed by caves, See also:running for about 20 M.
in a south-easterly direction, and finally joining the mountains of See also:Samaria. Its maximum height is at `Esfia, 176o ft. It was included in the territory of the tribe of See also:Asher. No See also:great See also:political event is recorded in connexion with it; it appears throughout the Old Testament "either as a See also:symbol or as a See also:sanctuary"; its name means " See also:garden-See also:land." Its fruitfulness is referred to by See also:Isaiah and by See also:Amos; See also:Micah describes it as wooded, to which was no doubt due its value as a hiding-See also:place (Amos ix. 3). It is now See also:wild, only a few patches being cultivated; most of the mountain is covered with a thick brushwood of evergreens, oaks, myrtles, pines, &c., which is gradually being cleared away. That the cultivation was once much more extensive is indicated by the large number of See also:rock-hewn See also:wine and See also:olive presses. Vines and See also:olives are now found at `Esfia only. The outstanding position of Carmel, its solitariness, its visibility over a wide See also:area of See also:country, and its fertility, marked it out as a suitable place for a sanctuary from very See also:ancient times. It is possibly referred to in the Palestine lists of Thothmes III. as Rosh Kodsu, " the See also:holy headland." An See also:altar of See also:Jehovah existed here from See also:early times; it was destroyed when the Phoenician See also:Baal claimed the country under See also:Jezebel, and repaired by See also:Elijah (1 See also:Kings xviii. 30) before the great See also:sacrifice which decided the claims of the See also:con-tending deities. I The traditional site of this sacrifice is at El-Muhraka, at the eastern end of the ridge. The See also:Druses still visit this site, where is a dilapidated structure of stones, as a holy place for sacrifice. On the See also:bank of the Kishon below is a See also:mound known as Tell el-Kusis, " the See also:Priest's mound," but the connexion that has been sought between this name and the slaughter of the priests of Baal is hardly justifiable. Other sites on the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill are traditionally connected with Elijah, and some See also:melon-like fossils are explained as being fruits refused to him by its owner, who was punished by having them turned to See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone. See also:Elisha was stationed here for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. See also:Tacitus describes the hill as the site of an See also:oracle, which See also:Vespasian consulted. See also:Iamblichus in his See also:life of See also:Pythagoras speaks of it as a place of great sanctity forbidden to the vulgar. A See also:grove of trees, called the " Trees of the See also:Forty " [Martyrs], still remains, no doubt in former times a sacred grove. So early as the 4th See also:century See also:Christian hermits began to See also:settle here, and in 1207 the Carmelite See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order was organized. The monastery, founded at the See also:fountain of Elijah in 1209, has had many vicissitudes: the monks were slaughtered or driven to See also:Europe in 1238 and the See also:building decayed; it was visited and refounded by St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis in 1252; again despoiled in 1291; once more rebuilt in 1631, and, in 1635 (when the monks were massacred), sacked and turned into a See also:mosque. Once more the monks established themselves, only to be murdered after See also:Napoleon's See also:retreat in 1799. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church and the monastery were entirely destroyed in 1821 by `Abd See also:Allah, See also:pasha of Acre, on the plea that the monks would favour the revolting Greeks; but it was shortly afterwards rebuilt by order from the See also:Porte, partly at `Abd Allah's expense and partly by contributions raised in Europe, See also:Asia and See also:Africa by See also:Brother Giovanni Battista of See also:Frascati. The villages with which the mountain was once covered have been to a large extent depopulated by the Druses. (R. A. S.
End of Article: CARMEL
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