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See also:DUFF, See also:ALEXANDER (1806-1878) , Scottish missionary in See also:India, was See also:born on the 26th of See also:April 18o6, at Auchnahyle in the See also:parish of See also:Moulin, See also:Perthshire. At St See also:Andrews University he came under the See also:influence of Dr See also:Chalmers. He then accepted an offer made by the See also:foreign See also:mission See also:committee of the See also:general See also:assembly to become their first missionary to India. He was ordained in See also:August 1829, and started at once for India, but was twice shipwrecked before he reached See also:Calcutta in May 1830, and lost all his books and other See also:property. Making Calcutta the See also:base of his operations, he at once identified himself with a policy which had far-reaching results. Up to this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:Protestant See also:missions in India had been successful only in reaching See also:low-See also:caste and outcaste peoples, particularly in Tinevelly and See also:south See also:Travancore. The See also:Hindu and See also:Mahommedan communities had been practically untouched. Duff saw that, to reach these communities, educational must take the See also:place of evangelizing methods, and he devised the policy of an educational mission. The success of his See also:work had the effect (r) of altering the policy of the See also:government of India in matters of See also:education, (2) of securing the recognition of education as a missionary agency by See also:Christian churches at See also:home, and (3) of securing entrance for Christian ideas into the minds of high-caste See also:Hindus. He first opened an See also:English school in which the See also:Bible was the centre of the school work, and Along with it all kinds of See also:secular knowledge were taught from the rudiments upwards to a university See also:standard. The English See also:language was used on the ground that it was destined to be the See also:great See also:instrument of higher education in India, and also as giving the Hindu the See also:key of Western knowledge. The school soon began to expand into a missionary See also:college, and a government See also:minute was adopted on the 7th of See also:March 1835, to the effect that in higher education the See also:object of the See also:British government should be the promotion of See also:European See also:science and literature among the natives of India, and that all funds appropriated for purposes of education would be best employed on English education alone. Duff wrote a pamphlet on the question, entitled " A New Era of the English Language and Literature in India." He returned home in 1834 broken in See also:health, but succeeded in securing the approval of his See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church for his educational plans, and also in arousing much See also:interest in the work of foreign missions.
In 1840 he returned to India. In the previous See also:year the See also:earl of See also:Auckland, See also:governor-general, had yielded to the " Orientalists " who opposed Duff, and adopted a policy which was a See also:compromise between the two. At the Disruption of 1843 Duff sided with the See also:Free Church, gave up the college buildings, with all their effects, and with unabated courage set to work to provide a new institution. He had the support of See also:Sir See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Outram and Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:- LAWRENCE
- LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
- LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
- LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
- LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
- LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
- LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
- LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
- LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)
Lawrence, and the encouragement of seeing a new See also:band of converts, including several See also:young men of high caste. In 1844 See also:Viscount See also:Hardinge opened government appointments to all who had studied in institutions similar to Duff's See also:foundation. In the same year Duff took See also:part in See also:founding the Calcutta See also:Review, of which from 1845 to 1849 he was editor. In 1849 he returned home. He was See also:moderator of the Free Church assembly in 1851. He gave See also:evidence before various See also:Indian committees of
See also:parliament on matters of education. This led to an important See also:des-patch by Viscount See also:Halifax, See also:president of the See also:board of See also:control, to the See also:marquess of See also:Dalhousie, the governor-general, authorizing an educational advance in See also:primary and secondary See also:schools, the See also:provision of technical and scientific teaching, and the See also:establishment of schools for girls.
In i854 Duff visited the See also:United States, where what is now New See also:York University gave him the degree of LL.D.; he was already D.D. of See also:Aberdeen. In '856. he returned to India, where the See also:mutiny soon See also:broke out; his descriptive letters were collected in a See also:volume entitled The Indian Mutiny, its Causes and Results (1858). Duff gave much thought and time to the university of Calcutta, which owes its examination See also:system and the prominence given to See also:physical sciences to his influence. In 1863 Sir See also:Charles Trevelyan offered him the See also:post of See also:vice-See also:chancellor of the University, but his health compelled him to leave India. As a memorial of his work the Duff See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall was erected in the centre of the educational buildings of Calcutta; and a fund of £ri,000 was raised for his disposal, the See also:capital of which was afterwards to be used for invalided missionaries of his own church. In 1864 Duff visited South See also:Africa, and on his return became convener of the foreign missions committee of the Free Church. He raised 'o,000 to endow a missionary See also:chair at New College, See also:Edinburgh, and himself became first See also:professor. Among other missionary labours of his later years, he helped the Free Church mission on See also:Lake Nyassa, travelled to See also:Syria to inspect a mission at See also:Lebanon, and assisted See also:Lady Aberdeen and LordPolwarth to establish the See also:Gordon Memorial Mission in See also:Natal. In 1873 the Free Church was threatened with a See also:schism owing to negotiations for See also:union with the United Presbyterian Church. Duff was called to the chair, and guided the church happily through this crisis. He also took part in forming the See also:alliance, of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system. He died on the 12th of See also:February 1878. By his will he devoted his See also:personal property to found a lectureship on foreign missions on the See also:model of the See also:Bampton Lectures.
See his See also:Life, by See also:George See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith (2 vols.). (D.
End of Article: DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)
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