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See also:CHALMERS, See also:GEORGE (1742-1825) , Scottish antiquarian and See also:political writer, was See also:born at See also:Fochabers, a See also:village in the See also:county of See also:Moray, in 1742. His See also:father, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Chalmers, was a See also:grandson of George Chalmers of Pittensear, a small See also:estate in the See also:parish of Lhanbryde, now St See also:Andrews-Lhanbryde, in the same county, possessed by the See also:main See also:line of the See also:family from about the beginning of the 17th to the See also:middle of the 18th See also:century. After completing the usual course at See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's See also:College, See also:Aberdeen, See also:young Chalmers studied See also:law in See also:Edinburgh for several years. Two uncles on the father's See also:side having settled in See also:America, he visited See also:Maryland in 1763, with the view, it is said, of assisting to recover a See also:tract of See also:land of some extent about which a dispute had arisen; and was in this way induced to commence practice as a lawyer at See also:Baltimore, where for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he met with much success. Having, however, espoused the cause of the Royalist party on the breaking out of the See also:American See also:War of See also:Independence, he found it expedient to abandon his professional prospects in the New See also:World, and return to his native See also:country. For the losses he had sustained as a colonist he received no See also:compensation, and several years elapsed before he obtained an See also:appointment that placed him in a See also:state of comfort and independence.
In the meantime Chalmers applied himself with See also:great See also:diligence and assiduity to the investigation of the See also:history and See also:establishment of the See also:English colonies in See also:North America; and enjoying See also:free See also:access to the state papers and other documents preserved among what were then termed the See also:plantation records, he became possessed of much important See also:information. His See also:work entitled Political See also:Annals of the See also:present See also:United Colonies from their See also:Settlement to the See also:Peace of 1763, 4to, See also:London, 178o, was to have formed two volumes; but the second, which should have contained the See also:period between 1688 and 1763, never appeared. The first See also:volume, however, is See also:complete in itself, and traces the See also:original settlement of the different American colonies, and the progressive changes in their constitutions and forms of See also:government as affected by the state of public affairs in the See also:parent See also:kingdom. Independently of its value as being compiled from original documents, it bears See also:evidence of great See also:research, and has been of essential benefit to later writers. Continuing his researches, he next gave to the world An Estimate of the See also:Comparative Strength of See also:Britain during the Present and Four Preceding Reigns, London, 1782, which passed through several See also:editions. At length, in See also:August 1786, Chalmers, whose sufferings as a Royalist must have strongly recommended him to the government of the See also:day, was appointed See also:chief clerk to the See also:committee of privy See also:council on matters See also:relating to See also:trade, a situation which he retained till his See also:death in 1825, a period of nearly See also:forty years. As his See also:official duties made no great demands on his time, he had abundant leisure to devote to his favourite studies,—the antiquities and See also:topography of See also:Scotland having thenceforth See also:special attractions for his busy See also:pen.
Besides See also:biographical sketches of See also:Defoe, See also:Sir See also:John See also:Davies, See also:Allan See also:Ramsay, Sir See also:David See also:Lyndsay, See also:Churchyard and others, prefixed to editions of their respective See also:works, Chalmers wrote a See also:life of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Paine, the author of the Rights of See also:Man, which he published under the assumed name of See also:Francis See also:Oldys, A.M., of the University of See also:Pennsylvania; and a life of See also:Ruddiman, in which considerable See also:light is thrown on the state of literature in Scotland during the earlier See also:part of the last century. His life of See also:Mary, See also:Queen of Scots, in two 4to vols., was first published in 1818. It is founded on a MS. See also:left by John See also:Whitaker, the historian of See also:Manchester; but Chalmers informs us that he found it necessary to rewrite the whole. The history of that See also:ill-fated queen occupied much of his See also:attention, and his last work, A Detection of the Love-Letters lately attributed in See also:Hugh See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell's work to Mary Queen of Scots, is an exposure of an See also:attempt to represent as genuine some fictitious letters said to have passed between Mary and See also:Bothwell
which had fallen into deserved oblivion. In 1797 appeared his See also:Apology for the Believers in the See also:Shakespeare Papers which were exhibited in See also:Norfolk See also:Street, followed by other tracts on the same subject. These contributions to the literature of Shakespeare are full of curious See also:matter, but on the whole display a great See also:waste of erudition, in seeking to show that papers which had been proved forgeries might nevertheless have been genuine. Chalmers also took part in the See also:Junius controversy, and in The Author of Junius Ascertained, from a Concatenation of Circumstances amounting to Moral Demonstration, Lond. 1817, 8vo, sought to See also:fix the author-See also:ship of the celebrated letters on Hugh See also:Boyd. In 1824 he published The Poetical Remains of some of the Scottish See also:Kings, now first collected; and in the same See also:year he edited and presented as a contribution to the See also:Bannatyne See also:Club Robene and Makyne and the Testament of Cresseid, by See also:Robert See also:Henryson. His political writings are equally numerous. Among them may be mentioned Collection of See also:Treaties between Great Britain and other See also:Powers, Lond. 1790, 2 vols. 8vo; Vindication of the Privileges of the See also:People in respect to the Constitutional Right of Free Discussion, &c., Lond. 1796, 8vo, published anonymously; A See also:Chronological See also:Account of See also:Commerce and Coinage in Great Britain from the Restoration till 181 o, Lond. 181o, 8vo; Opinions of Eminent Lawyers on various points of English See also:Jurisprudence, chiefly concerning the Colonies, See also:Fisheries, and Commerce of Great Britain, Lond. 1814, 2 vols. 8vo; Comparative Views of the State of Great Britain before and since the War, Lond. 1817, 8vo.
But Chalmers's greatest work is his See also:Caledonia, which, however, he did not live to complete. The first volume appeared in 1807, and is See also:introductory to the others. It is divided into four books, treating successively of the See also:Roman, the Pictish, the Scottish and the Scoto-Saxon periods, from 8o to 1306 A.D. In these we are presented, in a condensed See also:form, with an account of the people, the See also:language and the See also:civil and ecclesiastical history, as well as the agricultural and commercial state of Scotland during the first thirteen centuries of our era. Unfortunately the chapters on the Roman period are entirely marred by the author's having accepted as genuine See also:Bertram's See also:forgery De Situ Britanniae; but otherwise his opinions on controverted topics are worthy of much respect, being founded on a laborious investigation of all the original authorities that were accessible to him. The second volume, published in 181o, gives an account of the seven See also:south-eastern counties of Scotland—Roxburgh, See also:Berwick, See also:Haddington, Edinburgh, See also:Linlithgow, See also:Peebles and See also:Selkirk-each of them being treated of as regards name, situation and extent, natural See also:objects, antiquities, establishment as shires, civil history, See also:agriculture, manufactures and trade, and ecclesiastical history. In 1824, after an See also:interval of fourteen years, the third volume appeared, giving, under the same headings, a description of the seven south-western counties—Dumfries, See also:Kirkcudbright, See also:Wigtown, See also:Ayr, See also:Lanark, See also:Renfrew and See also:Dumbarton. In the See also:preface to this volume the author states that the materials for the history of the central and See also:northern counties were collected, and that he expected the work would be completed in two years, but this expectation was not destined to be realized. He had also been engaged on a history of Scottish See also:poetry and a history of See also:printing in Scotland. Each of them he thought likely to extend to two large See also:quarto volumes, and on both he expended an unusual amount of See also:enthusiasm and See also:energy. He had also prepared for the See also:press an elaborate history of the life and reign of David I. In his later researches he was assisted by his See also:nephew James, son of See also:Alexander Chalmers, writer in See also:Elgin.
George Chalmers died. in London on the 31st of May 1825. His valuable and extensive library he bequeathed to his nephew, at whose death in 1841 it was sold and dispersed. Chalmers was a member of the Royal and Antiquarian See also:Societies of London, an honorary member of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland, and a member of other learned societies. In private life he was undoubtedly an amiable man, although the dogmatic See also:tone that disfigures portions of his writings procured him many opponents. Among his avowed antagonists in See also:literary warfare the most distinguished were See also:Malone and See also:Steevens, the Shakespeare editors; Mathias, the author of the Pursuits of Literature; Dr See also:Jamieson,the Scottish lexicographer; See also:Pinkerton, the historian; Dr See also:Irving, the biographer of the Scottish poets; and Dr See also:Currie of See also:Liverpool. But with all his failings in See also:judgment Chalmers was a valuable writer. He uniformly had recourse to original See also:sources of in. formation; and he is entitled to great praise for his patriotic and self-sacrificing endeavours to illustrate the history, literature and antiquities of his native country. (J.
End of Article: CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825)
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