Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

PERTHSHIRE

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 263 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

PERTHSHIRE , an inland See also:

county of See also:Scotland, bounded N. by the shires of See also:Inverness and See also:Aberdeen; E. by See also:Forfarshire; S.E. by the See also:Firth of See also:Tay and the counties of See also:Fife and Kinross; S. by the shires of See also:Clackmannan and See also:Stirling; S.W. by the counties of Stirling and See also:Dumbarton; W. by See also:Argyllshire and N.W. by Inverness-See also:shire. It is the See also:fourth largest county in Scotland, having an See also:area of 1,595,774 acres, or 2493.4 sq. m., including the See also:island of Mugdrum in the Firth of Tay. By far the greater See also:part of the county is mountainous. Including the hills on the confines of Inverness-shire and Argyllshire, there are at least fifty mountains exceeding 3000 ft. in height. Of these the most See also:familiar are See also:Ben Lawers (3984 ft.) near See also:Loch Tay, Ben More (3843) See also:east of Crianlarich, Ben Lui (3708) on the Argyllshire border, Schiehallion (3547) See also:south of Loch See also:Rannoch, Ben Vannoch (3125) See also:west of Loch See also:Lyon, and Ben Chonzie (3048) near the See also:head of Glen See also:Almond. Of the immense number of hills of lesser See also:altitude there may be mentioned four that have been popularized by the See also:Lady of the See also:Lake—Ben Ledi (2875) and Uam See also:Var (2179) near See also:Callander, and Ben See also:Venue (2393) and Ben A'an (1750), guardians of the See also:Trossachs. The Ochils See also:divide Perthshire from the shires of Clackmannan, Kinross and Fife. The See also:chief stream is the Tay, which rises on the Argyllshire frontier and discharges into the See also:North See also:Sea off Buddon Ness, after a course of 117 m., being thus the longest See also:river in Scotland. Its head-See also:waters are the See also:Fillan and Dochart, and among its affluents are, on the right, the See also:Bran, Almond and See also:Earn and, on the See also:left, the Lyon, See also:Tummel, rising in Argyllshire and receiving the Garry on its left, and See also:Isla. The Earn flows out of Loch Earn and enters the Firth of Tay 62 m. below See also:Perth. The Forth, the See also:principal natural boundary of the shire on the south, properly belongs to See also:Stirlingshire, in which it rises, but its leading left-See also:hand affiuents are Perthshire See also:rivers, namely, the Teith, the Goodie, issuing from the lake of See also:Menteith, and the See also:Allan, rising in the Ochils near See also:Sheriffmuir. All the lakes are narrow , scarcely one exceeding a mile in width.

Loch See also:

Ericht, belonging partly to Inverness-shire, is 142 m. See also:long. Loch Tay (142 M. long), situated about the centre, is the largest lake in the county. In the south are the See also:series of lakes which the Lady of the Lake has rendered famous—Loch Vennachar (42 M. long), Loch Achray (i m. long), Loch See also:Katrine (about 8 m. long); to the west of See also:Aberfoyle is Loch Ard (3 M. long) and to the east Lake Menteith (12 m. long). Nearly all the glens possess striking natural features, among them, from south to north, being Glens Artney, Almond, Dochart, Ogle, Lochay, Lyon, Garry, See also:Shee, Bruar and Tilt; while the Trossachs, See also:Killiecrankie, Birnam and Leny are the loveliest passes in the See also:Highlands. The See also:low-lying See also:country is represented mainly by Strathmore, Strath Gartney, Strathallan, noted for its See also:annual "gathering" or See also:games, Strathearn, Strath Bran, Strath Tay and Strath Fillan, but more particularly by the fertile alluvial belts of the Carse of See also:Gowrie, on the See also:northern See also:shore of the Firth of Tay, and the Carse of Stirling. The See also:Moor of Rannoch on the See also:borders of Argyllshire is a sterile See also:boulder-strewn See also:waste, and See also:Flanders See also:Moss, to the south-east of Lake Menteith, is a vast boggy See also:tract, which is, however, being gradually reclaimed and brought under cultivation. See also:Geology.—The Highland portion of this county is built up of a See also:great series of See also:schists and metamorphosed rocks grouped as " Dal-radian " or Eastern schists. The See also:general direction of the strike of these rocks is W.S.W.–E.N.E. They are cut off from the Old Red See also:Sandstone, which occupies most of the See also:remainder of the county, by the great See also:fault which traverses the county somewhat to the north of Aberfoyle and See also:Crieff. But for some distance north and eaz of Crieff the boundary between these two formations is an unconformable one. In the neighbourhood of the fault See also:line the Highland schists are less metamorphosed than they are farther north ; about Comrie and Callander they consist of shales, greywackes and igneous rocks with radiolarian cherts'and See also:black shales that are suggestive of the rocks of Arenig See also:age in south Scotland. At Aberfoyle, Comrie and See also:Dunkeld roofing slates are worked and massive See also:lime-stones occur in Glen Tilt, See also:Pitlochry, Callander, See also:Blair See also:Atholl, Loch Rannoch and other places.

A gritty series comes on above theslates and is well seen capping the See also:

summit of Ben Vorlich. A great variety of schists See also:form the bulk of the series; but See also:granite masses appear in their midst as at Loch Rannoch, Loch Ericht and Glen Tilt, and there are numerous See also:acid and intermediate dikes which are themselves traversed by later basaltic dikes. The Old Red Sandstone consists in the See also:lower portion mainly of coarse volcanic agglomerates and See also:lava flows followed by conglomerates, sandstones and marls. The lowest beds are exposed along the See also:crest of the Ochil Hills which like the Sidlaw Hills are anticlinal in structure, while between the Ochils and the Highland fault the rocks are folded into syncline; near the fault they become very steeply inclined and even inverted, and it is interesting also to See also:note that the sediments become coarser as the fault is approached. The Upper Old Red Sandstone is well exposed near the See also:Bridge of Earn and it extends beneath the marine See also:platform of the Carse of Gowrie. The rocks are mainly red sandstones and marls, let down between two parallel east and west faults but between the Bridge of Earn and Forgandenny, west of the tract, they are seen to See also:rest unconformably upon the lower See also:division. Small outliers of Carboniferous rocks (lower) occur on the north of the Ochils. The marks of See also:ice See also:action left by the Glacial See also:epoch are abundant and striking in Perthshire; moraines are See also:common in the Highland glens, as those at the head of the Glengarry on borders of Loch Katrine; ice-scratched surfaces are found on the Sidlaw Hills, the Ochils, Kinnoull See also:Hill and elsewhere; and erratic blocks of See also:stone, such as " See also:Samson's Putting Stone," a See also:mass of Highland schist resting on a hill of Old Red Sandstone near Coilantogle, are widely distributed. Old high level marine beaches form terraces far up several of the larger streams, and the Carse of Gowrie, as already indicated, is formed by the See also:beach at the 50-ft. level. The See also:gravel cones poured out at the mouths of many of the glens which open on the south of the Ochils on to the too-ft. or 50-ft. beaches are often the site of villages. See also:Climate and See also:Agriculture.—The mountainous territory is extremely wet, the rainfall for the See also:year varying from 93 in. in Glengyle at the head of the Loch Katrine to 37 in. at Pitlochry and 23 in. at Perth. See also:Winter and autumn are the rainiest seasons.

The temperature is remarkably See also:

constant everywhere, averaging 47° F. for the year, See also:January being the coldest See also:month (36.5° F.) and See also:July the hottest (59° F.). Only a little more than one-fifth of the See also:total area is under cultivation, and of this nearly one-third is in permanent pasture, while in addition there are about 930,000 acres of hill pasturage. The arable See also:land is chiefly in the drier regions of the east and south-east, the See also:soil for the most part being fertile. See also:Light soils prevail in the lower undulating districts; See also:clay and alluvial land occur in the Carse of Gowrie, the Carse of Stirling and the lower reach of Strathearn below and above Bridge of Earn. The best heavy carse land is very See also:rich and productive, but requires to be thoroughly worked, limed and manured, being well adapted for See also:wheat. A considerable area is occupied by orchards, the light See also:quick soil of Tayside and the upper districts of Menteith being admirably fitted for apples. The number of holdings is slightly in excess of 5000 and of these the See also:majority are under 5o acres each, chiefly in the Highland valleys and near the villages and small towns. Of See also:grain, oats is the predominating See also:crop, but See also:barley and wheat are also grown. Two-thirds of the area devoted to See also:green crops is occupied by turnips, the rest by potatoes. Most of the horses raised, chiefly Clydesdales, are used solely for agricultural purposes. Although See also:dairy-farming is not an important See also:industry, a large number of cows, principally Ayrshires, are kept on the See also:lowland farms, the herds of the straths and See also:mountain pastures being most usually West Highlands or Kyloes. Perthshire, next to Argyllshire, still carries the heaviest flocks in Scotland.

Black-faced is the principal breed in the See also:

Grampians, but there is also a large number of Cheviots and South See also:Downs, and Leicesters are common on the lower runs. Only one-seventeenth of the See also:surface is under See also:wood. This is well up to the proportion of the other Scottish counties, but compares unfavourably with the conditions existing in 1812, when 203,880 acres were under wood, of which 61,164 were planted and 142,716 natural. In See also:Breadalbane and Menteith there are remains of the See also:ancient Caledonian See also:forest. Perthshire affords exceptional facilities for See also:sport with See also:rod and See also:gun. The Iochs and rivers abound with See also:salmon and See also:trout, while hardly any of the streams have suffered pollution from See also:industries or manufactures. The See also:deer forests, exceeding 1oo,00o acres in area, are frequented by red deer and See also:roe deer, and on the extensive See also:moors and in the See also:woods are found See also:grouse, pheasants, See also:partridge, capercailzie, See also:woodcock, See also:ptarmigan and See also:hares. Industries.—The shire is famous for its See also:dyeing and See also:bleaching See also:works, which are situated in Perth and its vicinity; but, apart from these, there are See also:flax and jute See also:mills at Rattray and See also:cotton mills at See also:Stanley, Deanston and Crieff ; woollens, See also:linen, jute and tartans are See also:woven at See also:Dunblane, Alyth, See also:Blairgowrie, Coupar-See also:Angus, Auchterarder and Crieff; tanning is carried on at Blackford, Coupar-Angus and Crieff; there are breweries and distilleries at various places, as at Auchterarder and Logierait; granite, freestone, See also:limestone and See also:slate are quarried at different centres; and there are sawmills and See also:flour-mills. Communications.—The Caledonian railway See also:main line to Aberdeen enters the county near Dunblane and runs in a north-easterly direction via Perth. At Crieff junction it sends off a See also:branch to Crieff and at Perth branches to See also:Dundee and Lochearnhead. The Stirling to See also:Oban line of the same See also:company crosses the shire from Dunblane to Tyndrum. The Highland railway runs northwards from Perth, and has a branch at Ballinluig to Aberfeldy.

Branches of the North See also:

British railway reach Perth from Mawcarse in Kinross-shire and See also:Ladybank in Fifeshire; part of the branch from Buchlyvie on the Forth and See also:Clyde line runs to Aberfoyle, and the West Highland railway skirts the extreme west of the shire. At several points coaches supplement the See also:rail. In the tourist See also:season steamers ply on Loch Tay and Loch Katrine, and there is a service on the Tay between Perth and Dundee. See also:Population and See also:Administration.—In 1891 the population amounted to 122,185 and in 1901 to 123,283, or 49 persons to the sq. m. The See also:rate of increase was the smallest of any Scottish county for the See also:decade. In 19or there were 78 persons speaking Gaelic only and 11,446 Gaelic and See also:English. The chief towns are Perth (pop. 32,873), Crieff (5208), Blairgowrie (3378), Dunblane (2516), Auchterarder (2276), Coupar-Angus (2064), Rattray (2019). Among lesser centres may be mentioned Aberfeldy (15o8), a favourite resort on the Tay, well known for the falls of Moness, mentioned in See also:Robert See also:Burns's See also:song " The Birks of Aberfeldy "; See also:Abernethy (623), the seat of an See also:early bishopric, retaining one of the three ancient See also:round towers in Scotland; Alyth (1965); Callander (1458); Comrie (1118), a See also:holiday resort on the Earn; Pitlochry (1541); and Stanley (1035), on the Tay. Of old the county was divided into hereditary jurisdictions, which were abolished in 1748, and in 1795 the county was divided into districts for administrative purposes, a See also:system which obtained until 1889, when county and See also:district See also:councils were established. The sheriffdom is divided into an eastern and western district, the seat of the one being Perth and the other Dunblane. For See also:parliamentary purposes the county is also divided into an eastern and a western division, and the See also:city of Perth returns a member.

The shire is under school-See also:

board See also:jurisdiction, and there are secondary See also:schools at Perth and Crieff, and Trinity See also:College in Glen Almond is a well-known public school on the English See also:model. See also:History.—In 83 See also:Agricola explored the lands beyond the Forth and in the following year penetrated to the Grampians, defeating the Caledonians under See also:Galgacus with great slaughter. The site of this See also:battle is conjectured by See also:William See also:Forbes See also:Skene to have been near Meikleour, south of Blairgowrie, but other writers have referred it to Dalginross, near Comrie; to Ardoch (where there are the most perfect remains of a See also:Roman encampment in the British Isles); and even as far north as Raedykes, near Stone-haven in See also:Kincardineshire. The See also:Romans did not pursue their victory, and the Picts were left undisturbed for a considerable See also:period. At this See also:time, according to See also:Ptolemy, the territory now known as Perthshire was occupied by three tribes—the Damnonii, the Venicones and the Vacomagi. The Damnonii held Menteith, Strathearn and Fothrif (the western part of See also:modern Fife and Kinross), with See also:Alauna (Allan), just above Stirling, Lindum (Ardoch) and See also:Victoria (believed by some authorities to be Lochore in Fifeshire, and by others to be Perth city), as their chief towns. The Venicones inhabited north-western Fife and the adjoining tract of Perthshire, with Orrea (probably Abernethy) as their chief See also:town and a station at Ardargie. The Vacomagi dwelt in the Highland region, with stations at Inchtuthil (a See also:peninsula in the Tay above Kinclaven) and Banatia (Buchanty on the Almond). The growing lawlessness of the See also:southern Picts and their frequent raids in the more settled country in the south at last compelled the See also:attention of the See also:emperor See also:Severus. He arrived in See also:Britain in 208, but though he led a strong See also:army to the shores of the See also:Moray Firth, he was unable effectually to subdue the tribesmen. The road he constructed ran from Stirling to Ardoch (where there are notable remains) and thence by Strageath, near Muthill, where it branched north-westwards to Dalginross and Buchanty, and north-eastwards to Perth and so to the Grampians. When the Romans finally withdrew from Britain, the Picts established their See also:capital first at Abernethy and then at See also:Forteviot.

Abernethy was the centre of the See also:

Celtic See also:church after the See also:conversion of the natives by See also:Ninian, See also:Palladius and other missionaries in the5th and 6th centuries. On the burning of Forteviot by the Norsemen in the 8th See also:century, the seat of Pictish See also:government was removed to See also:Scone. In the latter See also:half of the 9th century Dunkeld —to which See also:Kenneth See also:Macalpine had brought some of the See also:relics of See also:Columba from See also:Iona—became the See also:scene of monastic activity, the See also:abbot succeeding to the position of the abbot of Iona, and exercising great See also:influence for nearly a See also:hundred years. The Danes periodically harried the land, but a crushing defeat at Luncarty in 961 put an end to their inroads in this See also:quarter. In 1054 See also:Macbeth was defeated at See also:Dunsinane by See also:Siward, See also:earl of See also:Northumberland, who had invaded Scotland in the See also:interest of his kinsman, See also:Duncan's son, who, on the See also:death of the usurper three years later, ascended the See also:throne as See also:Malcolm III., called Canmore. With Malcolm's See also:accession the Celtic See also:rule of the See also:monarchy of Scone came to an end. Nevertheless, the Scottish sovereigns (excepting See also:James II., James III. and See also:Mary) continued to be crowned at Scone, which also retained the position of capital until the beginning of the 12th century, when it was displaced by Perth. From the time of See also:Alexander I. (d. 1124), therefore, the history of the shire is merged in that of the county town, with the exception of such isolated incidents as the removal of the See also:Coronation Stone from Scone to See also:Westminster in 1296, the defeat of Robert See also:Bruce at See also:Methven in 1306, the battle of Dupplin in 1332, the victory of Dundee at Killiecrankie in 1689 and the indecisive contest at Sheriffmuir in 1715. Among archaeological remains may be mentioned the hill-fort on Dunsinane; the See also:ship-See also:barrow of the vikings at Rattray, weems (or See also:earth-houses) in the parishes of Monzie, Alyth and Bendochy; the See also:witch-stone near Cairnbeddie, one of the numerous spots where Macbeth is alleged to have met the witches, but probably a sepulchral memorial of some forgotten battle; See also:standing stones near Pitlochry, and an extraordinary assemblage of sculptured stones at Meigle.

End of Article: PERTHSHIRE

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
PERTHES, JOHAN GEORG JUSTUS (1749-1816)
[next]
PERTINAX, PUBLIUS HELVIUS (A.D. 126-193)