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BREADALBANE

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 475 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BREADALBANE , a large See also:

district of See also:Perthshire, See also:Scotland, bordered N. by See also:Atholl, E. by Strathtay, S. by Strathearn and W. by the districts of See also:Argyll and Lorne, and occupying some 1020 sq. m. Most of the See also:surface is mountainous, See also:Ben Lawers (3984 ft.), Ben More (3843), and Ben Lui (3708), being the See also:principal hills. See also:Loch See also:Tay is the See also:chief See also:lake, and among the See also:rivers are the Orchy, Dochart, Lochay, See also:Lyon, See also:Almond and the Tay (during the See also:early See also:part of its course). See also:Population mostly centres in Aberfeldy, Fortingal, See also:Kenmore and See also:Killin. The See also:soil is not cultivable excepting in some of the glens and straths. See also:Game is plentiful, the lakes and rivers afford See also:good See also:sport, and the See also:deer forests and shootings are valuable. The district has given the titles of See also:earl and See also:marquess to the Campbells of Glenorchy. See also:BREAD-See also:FRUIT. This most important See also:food See also:staple of the tropical islands in the Pacific Ocean is the fruit of Artocarpus incisa (nat. ord. See also:Moraceae). The See also:tree attains a moderate height, has very large, acutely lobed, glossy leaves, the male See also:flowers in spikes, and the See also:female flowers in a dense See also:head, which by consolidation of their fleshy carpels and receptacles See also:form the fruit. The fruit is globular in shape, about the See also:size of a See also:melon, with a tuberculated or (in some varieties) nearly smooth surface.

Many varieties of the tree are cultivated, the fruits of some ripening numerous seeds, which are eaten as chestnuts; but in the best kinds the seeds are aborted, and it is only these that are highly prized as vegetables. The tree is a native of the See also:

South See also:Sea Islands, where its fruit occupies the important position that is held by cereals in temperate latitudes. The fruit, which on distinct varieties ripens at different periods, affording a nearly See also:constant See also:supply throughout the See also:year, is gathered for use just before it ripens, when it is found to be gorged with starchy See also:matter, to which its esculent value is due. It may be cooked and prepared for use in a See also:great variety of ways, the See also:common practice in the South Sea Islands being to See also:bake it entire in hot embers, and See also:scoop out the interior, which when properly cooked should have a soft smooth consistence, fibrous only towards the See also:heart, with a See also:taste which has been compared to that of boiled potatoes and sweet See also:milk. Of this fruit A. R. See also:Wallace, in his See also:Malay See also:Archipelago, says: " With See also:meat and See also:gravy it is a See also:vegetable See also:superior to anything I know either in temperate or tropical countries. With See also:sugar, milk, See also:butter or See also:treacle it is a delicious See also:pudding, having a very slight and delicate but characteristic flavour, which, like that of good bread and potatoes, one never gets tired of." In the Pacific Islands the fruit is preserved for use by storing in pits, where the fruits ferment and resolve themselves into a See also:mass similar in consistency to new See also:cheese, in which See also:state they emit an offensive odour; but after See also:baking under hot stones they yield a pleasant and nutritious food. Another and more common method of preserving the fruit for use consists in cutting it into thin slices, which are driedin the See also:sun. From such dried slices a See also:flour is prepared which is useful for the preparation of puddings, bread and biscuits, or the slices are baked and eaten without grinding. The tree yields other products of economic value, such as native See also:cloth from the fibrous inner bark of See also:young trees; the See also:wood is used for canoes and articles of See also:furniture; and a See also:kind of See also:glue and caulking material are obtained from the viscid milky juice which exudes from incisions made in the See also:stem. The bread-fruit is found throughout the tropical regions of both hemispheres, and its first introduction into the See also:West Indies is connected with the famous See also:mutiny of the " See also:Bounty," and the remarkable See also:history of a small See also:company of the mutineers at See also:Pitcairn See also:Island.

See also:

Attention was directed to the fruit in 1688 by Fig.7 Artocarpus incise, the Bread-fruit tree. Fig. I. See also:Branch reduced about a 6th Fig. 5. Female flowers. natural size, with cuneate-ovate Fig. 6. Single female See also:flower pinnatifid leaves, male flowers in a separated, with ovary, See also:club-shaped See also:deciduous catkin, and See also:style and bifid stigma. female flowers in rounded clusters. Fig. 7. Ovary.

Fig. 2. Transverse See also:

section of the Fig. 8. Ovary laid open to male spike with numerous flowers. show the ovule. Fig. 3. Male flowers. Fig. 9. A variety of the ovary Fig. 4.

Single male flower separated, with 2 loculaments. with a perianth in 2 segments and Fig. io. Transverse section of a single stamen. a bilocular ovary. See also:

Captain See also:Dampier, and later by Captain See also:Cook, who recommended its transplantation to the West See also:Indian colonies. In 1787 the " Bounty " was fitted out under command of See also:Lieutenant See also:William See also:Bligh (q.v.) to proceed to See also:Tahiti to carry See also:plants thence to the West Indian Islands; and it was after the See also:cargo had been secured and the See also:vessel was on her way that the mutiny See also:broke out, and Lieutenant Bligh and some of his See also:crew were turned adrift in a small See also:boat in the open sea. The mutineers returned with the vessel to Tahiti, whence a number of them, with a few native men and See also:women, sailed to the desolate and lone islet of Pitcairn. Lieutenant Bligh ultimately reached See also:England, and was again commissioned to undertake the See also:work of transplanting the plants, which in the year 1792--1793 he successfully accomplished. A somewhat similar but inferior fruit is produced by an allied See also:species, the See also:Jack or Jak, Artocarpus integrifolia, growing in See also:India, See also:Ceylon and the Eastern Archipelago. The large fruit is from 12 to 18 in. See also:long by 6 to 8 in. in See also:diameter, and is much eaten by the natives in India. This tree is chiefly valuable on See also:account of its See also:timber, which has a See also:grain very similar to See also:mahogany, and although at first See also:light-coloured it gradually assumes much of the See also:appearance of that wood.

End of Article: BREADALBANE

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