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INVERNESS

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 721 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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INVERNESS , a royal, municipal and See also:

police See also:burgh, seaport and See also:county See also:town of Inverness-See also:shire, See also:Scotland. Pop. (1891)' 19,303; (1901) 21,238. It lies on both See also:banks, though principally on the right, of the Ness; and is 118 m. N of See also:Perth by the Highland railway. Owing to its situation at the See also:north-eastern extremity of Glen More, the beauty of its environment and its See also:fine buildings, it is held to be the See also:capital of the See also:Highlands; and throughout the summer it is the headquarters of an immense tourist See also:traffic. The See also:present See also:castle, designed by See also:William See also:Burn (1789-1870), See also:dates from 1835, and is a picturesque structure effectively placed on a See also:hill by the See also:river's s?de; it contains the See also:court and county offices. Of the churches. the High or See also:Parish :rurch has a square See also:tower surmounted with a See also:steeple, containing one of the bells which See also:Cromwell removed from See also:Fortrose See also:cathedral. On the See also:left See also:bank of the river stands St See also:Andrew's Episcopal Cathedral, in the Decorated See also:Gothic, erected in 1866 from designs by Dr See also:Alexander See also:Ross. Among the See also:schools are the High School, the collegiate school, the school of See also:science and See also:art, and the Royal See also:Academy, incorporated by royal See also:charter in 1792. Other public h'iildings are the museum, public library, See also:observatory, the See also:northern infirmary, the See also:district See also:asylum, an imposing structure at the See also:base of Dunain Hill (940 ft.), the Northern Counties See also:Blind See also:Institute, the Highland Orphanage and the Town See also:Hall, opened in 1882. In front of the last stands the See also:Forbes Memorial See also:Fountain, and near it is the old town See also:cross of 1685, at the See also:foot of which, protected since the See also:great See also:fire of 1411, is the See also:lozenge-shaped See also:stone called Clach-na-Cudain (Stone of the Tubs), from its having served as a resting-See also:place for See also:women carrying See also:water from the river.

The old See also:

gaol See also:spire, slightly See also:twisted by the See also:earthquake of 1816, serves as a See also:belfry for the town See also:clock. See also:Half a mile to the See also:west of the Ness is the hill of Tomnahurich (Gaelic, " The Hill of the Fairies "), upon which is one of the most beautifully-situated cemeteries in Great See also:Britain. The open spaces in the town include See also:Victoria See also:park, Maggot See also:Green and the ground where the Northern See also:Meeting—the most important athletic gathering in Scotland—is held at the end of See also:September. Inverness is the great distributing centre for the Highlands. Its See also:industries, however, are not extensive, and consist mainly of See also:tweed (See also:tartan) manufactures, See also:brewing, distilling, tanning, See also:soap and See also:candle-making; there are also nurseries, See also:iron-foundries, saw-See also:mills, See also:granite See also:works, and the shops of the Highland Railway See also:Company. There is some See also:shipbuilding and a considerable See also:trade with See also:Aberdeen, See also:Leith, See also:London and the See also:east See also:coast generally, and by means of the Caledonian See also:Canal with See also:Glasgow, See also:Liverpool and See also:Ireland. The Caledonian Canal passes within 1 m. of the town on its western See also:side. In Muirtown See also:Basin are wharves for the loading and unloading of vessels, and at Clachnaharry the Canal enters See also:Beauly See also:Firth. There is little anchorage in the Ness, but at Kessock on the left bank of the river-mouth, where there are piers, a See also:breakwater and a See also:coastguard station, there are several acres of deep water. The river at Inverness is crossed by four See also:bridges, two of them for pedestrians only, and a railway viaduct. The town, which is governed by a See also:provost, bailies and See also:council, unites with See also:Forres, Fortrose and See also:Nairn (Inverness Burghs) in sending one member to See also:parliament. Inverness was one of the See also:chief strongholds of the Picts, and in 565 was visited by See also:Columba with the intention of converting the Pictish See also:king Brude, who is supposed to have resided in the vitrified fort on See also:Craig Phadrick (550 ft.), r, m.

W. of the town. The castle is said to have been built by See also:

Malcolm Canmore, after he had razed to the ground the castle in which See also:Macbeth according to tradition murdered See also:Duncan, and which stood on a hill m. to the north-east. William the See also:Lion (d. 1214) granted the town four charters, by one of which it was created a royal burgh. Of the Dominican See also:abbey founded by Alexander III. in 1233 hardly a trace remains. On his way to the See also:battle of Harlaw in 1411 Donald of the Isles burned the town, and sixteen years later See also:James I. held a parliament in the castle to which the northern chieftains were summoned, of whom three were executed for asserting an See also:independent See also:sovereignty. In 1562, during the progress undertaken to suppress See also:Huntly's insurrection, See also:Queen See also:Mary was denied admittance into the castle by the See also:governor, who belonged to the See also:earl's See also:faction, and whom she afterwards therefor caused to be hanged. The See also:house in which she lived meanwhile stands in See also:Bridge See also:Street. Beyond the northern limits of the town Cromwell built a fort capable of accommodating See also:rood men, but with the exception of a portion of the ramparts it was demolished at the Restoration. In 1715 the See also:Jacobites occupied the royal fortress as See also:barracks, and in 1746 they blew it up. INVERNESS-SHIRE, a highland county of Scotland, bounded N. by Ross and See also:Cromarty, and the Beauly and See also:Moray Firths, N.E. by the shires of Nairn and See also:Elgin, E. by See also:Banff and Aberdeen shires, S.E. by See also:Perthshire, S. by See also:Argyllshire and W. by the719 See also:Atlantic. It includes the See also:Outer See also:Hebrides See also:south of the northern boundary of See also:Harris, and several of the Inner Hebrides (see HEBRIDES) and is the largest shire in Scotland.

It occupies an See also:

area of 2,695,037 acres, or 4211 sq. m., of which more than one-third belongs to the islands. The county comprises the districts of Moidart, Arisaig and See also:Morar in the S.W., Knoydart in the W., See also:Lochaber in the S., See also:Badenoch in the S.E. and the See also:Aird in the N. Excepting comparatively small and fertile tracts in the N. on both sides of the river Ness, in several of the glens and on the shores of some of the See also:sea lochs, the county is See also:wild and mountainous in the extreme and characterized by beautiful and in certain respects See also:sublime scenery. There are more than fifty mountains exceeding 3000 ft. in height, among them See also:Ben See also:Nevis (4406), the highest See also:mountain in the See also:British Isles, the extraordinary assemblage of peaks forming the Monadhliadh mountains in the S.E., Ben See also:Alder (3757) in the S., and the See also:grand See also:group of the Cairngorms on the confines of the shires of Aberdeen and Banff. In the north-west the Beauly river (16 m. See also:long) is formed by the confluence of the See also:Farrar and the See also:Glass. The Enrick (18 m.), rising in See also:Loch-nan-Eun, takes a north-easterly direction for several See also:miles, and then flowing due east falls into Loch Ness, just beyond Drumnadrochit, See also:close to the ruined keep of Castle See also:Urquhart. The Ness (7 m.), a fine stream for its length, emerges from Loch Dochfour and enters the sea to the north of Inverness. The Moriston (19 m.), flows out of Loch Clunie, and pursuing a course E. by N.E. falls into Loch Ness 4 M. south of Mealfourvounie (2284 ft.) on the western See also:shore opposite Foyers. The Lochy (9 m.), issuing from the loch of that name, runs parallel with the Caledonian Canal and enters Loch Linnhe at Fort William. The Spean (18 m.), flowing westwards from Loch Laggan, joins the Lochy as it leaves Loch Lochy. The Nevis (12 m.), rising at the back of Ben Nevis, flows See also:round the See also:southern base of the mountain and then See also:running north-westwards enters Loch Linnhe at Fort William. The See also:Leven (12 m.), draining a See also:series of small lochs to the north-west of See also:Rannoch, flows westward to Loch Leven, forming during its course the boundary between the shires of Inverness and See also:Argyll.

The Dulnain (28 m.), rising in the Monadhliath Mountains, iows north-eastwards and enters the See also:

Spey near See also:GrantOwn, falling in its course nearly 2000 ft. The Truim (151 m.), rising close to the Perthshire frontier, flows N.N.E. into the Spey. Three great See also:rivers See also:spring in Inverness-shire, but finish their course in other counties. These are the Spey, which for the first 6o m. of its course belongs to the shire; the Findhorn (70 m.), rising in the Monadhliath Mountains a few miles N.W. of the source of the Dulnain; and the Nairn (38 m.), rising within a few miles of Loch Farraline. The two falls of Foyers—the upper of 40 ft., the See also:lower of 165 ft.—are celebrated for their beauty, but their See also:volume is affected, especially in drought, by the withdrawal of water for the works of the British See also:Aluminium Company, which are driven by electric See also:power derived from the river Foyers, the intake being situated above the falls. Other noted falls are Moral on the Enrick and Kilmorack on the Beauly. The number of hill tarns and little lakes is very great, considerably more than 200 being named. Loch Ness, the most beautiful and best known of the larger lakes, is 221 M. long, 11 m. broad at its widest point (Urquhart See also:Bay), has a drainage area of 696 m., and, owing to its vast See also:depth (751 ft.), uniformity of temperature, and continual See also:movement of its See also:waters, never freezes. It is the largest See also:body of fresh water in Great Britain, and forms See also:part of the See also:scheme of the Caledonian Canal. A few miles S.W. is Loch Oich (4 M. long), also utilized for the purposes of the Canal, which reaches its See also:summit level (105 ft.) in this See also:lake. To the S.W. of it is Loch Lochy (91 m.), which is also a portion of the Canal. Loch Arkaig (12 m.) lies in the See also:country of the Camerons, Achnacarry House, the seat of Lochiel, the chief of the See also:clan, being situated on the river Arkaig near the point where it issues from the lake.

The old castle was burnt down by the See also:

duke of See also:Cumberland, but a few ruins remain. After See also:Culloden See also:Prince See also:Charles See also:Edward found shelter in a See also:cave in the " See also:Black Mile," as the road between Lochs Arkaig and Lochy is called. Loch Quoich (6 m.) lies N. by W. of Loch Arkaig, and Loch Garry (42 m.) a few miles to the N. E.; Loch Morar (112 m. long by 11 broad) is only about 600 yds. from the sea, to which it drains by the river Morar, which falls over a rocky barrier, at the foot of which is a famous See also:salmon See also:pool. The loch is 1017 ft. deep and is thus the deepest lake in the See also:United See also:Kingdom. It contains several islands, on one of which See also:Lord See also:Lovat was captured in 1746. Loch Laggan (7 m.) and Loch Treig (51 m.) in the south of the county are both finely situated in the midst of natural forests. The See also:principal See also:salt-water lochs on the Atlantic seaboard are Loch Hourn (" See also:Hell's Lake," so named from the wild precipices rising sheer from the water), running inland for 14 M. from the See also:Sound of Sleat and separating See also:Glenelg from Knoydart; and Loch Nevis (14 m.), a few miles farther south. The parallel roads of Glen See also:Roy, a glen with a north-easterly to south-See also:westerly trend, a few miles east of Loch Lochy, presented a problem that long exercised the minds of geologists. At heights of 1148 It., 1067 ft. and 835 ft., there run uninterruptedly along each side of the glen terraces of a width varying from 3 to 30 ft. See also:Local tradition ascribes them to the Ossianic heroes, and See also:John See also:Playfair (1748–1819) argued that they were aqueducts. The fact that they occur also in the neighbouring Glen Gloy and Glen Spean, however, disposes of an artificial origin.

John See also:

MacCulloch (1773--1835) propounded the theory that they were lacustrine and not marine, and See also:Agassiz followed him with the See also:suggestion that the water had been held up by a barrier of See also:glacier See also:ice. This view is now generally accepted, and the roads may therefore be regarded as the gently sloping banks of lakes dammed up by glacier ice. Glen More-nan-Albin, or the Great (;len, is a vast " See also:fault," or dislocation, 62 m. in length, through which See also:Thomas See also:Telford constructed (1804–1822) the Caledonian Canal connecting Loch Linnhe and the Moray Firth. Glen More is said to be liable to shocks of earthquake, and Loch Ness was violently agitated at the See also:time of the great See also:Lisbon earthquake (1755). Among the glens renowned for beauty are Glen Urquhart and Glen Moriston to the west of Loch Ness, Glen Feshie in the east, and Glen Nevis at the southern base of Ben Nevis. Glen Garry, to the west of Loch Oich, gave its name to the well-known cap or " See also:bonnet " worn both in the Highlands and Lowlands. In Glen Finnan, at the See also:head of Loch See also:Shiel, Prince Charles Edward raised his See also:standard in 1745, an incident commemorated by a See also:monument erected in 1815 by Alexander See also:Macdonald of Glenaladale. The great straths or valleys are in the north and east, the chief among them being Strathfarrar, Strathglass and See also:Strathnairn, and the heads of Strathearn and Strathspey. See also:Geology.—Almost the entire area of this county is occupied by the younger Highland See also:schists and metamorphic rocks. East of Loch See also:Ericht and the rivers Traim and Spey as far as Airemore and between there and Duthel there are quartzites and quartzose schists; on the remaining area the various kinds of schistose and gneissose See also:rock have hardly been worked out in detail. Granite masses occur in numerous isolated patches; the largest is on the eastern boundary and includes the flanks of See also:Cairn Gorm, Cairn Tout, Braeriach, Cara See also:Ban and Meall Tisnail. Other smaller ones are found at Ben Nevis, where the lower part of the mountain is granite, the upper part porphyritic See also:felsite; between Moy and Ben Buidhe Mhor; E. of Foyers, including Whitebridge, Aberchalder and Loch Farraline; at Ben Alder, \V. of Loch Ericht and another between that loch and the river Pattack; at Banavie on the W. of the river Lochy; around the upper end of Loch Clunie and at several other places.

The dioritic See also:

mass of Rannoch See also:Moor just enters this county between Loch Ericht and Loch See also:Ossian. The Old Red See also:Sandstone extends into this county from Nairn through Culloden Moor past Inverness and down Loch Ness to a point south of Foyers; it occurs also on the south-east side of Loch Oich, and around Beauty, where it forms the falls of Kilmorach. These rocks consist at the base of coarse breccias and conglomerates passing upwards into See also:chocolate-coloured sandstone and flags, with the shaly series containing See also:limestone nodules known as the See also:fish See also:bed from the abundance and importance of its fossil contents; it is well exposed in the Big Burn and near Loch Ashie. At a higher See also:horizon come more See also:purple flags and grits. The Great Glen which traverses the county is an old See also:line of See also:earth fracture along which displacements have been produced during more than one See also:geological See also:period. Roches moutonnees, glacial striations and moraines and other evidences of the great Ice See also:age are abundant, besides the parallel roads of Glen Roy to which allusion has already been made. Thelowest of these terraces is prolonged into Glen Spean. At numerous places on the coasts the remains of old marine terraces occur at too ft. and 25 ft. above the sea. Of the small isles belonging to Inverness-shire those of See also:Rum and Eigg are of the greatest See also:interest. The northern part of Rum is made of See also:Torridonian rocks, shales below and red sandstones above; altogether over lo,000 ft. are visible. These rocks have suffered thrusting and the shales are thus made in places to overlie the See also:sand-stones. A few patches of Torridonian occur in the south.

See also:

Tertiary peridotites in laccolitic masses See also:cover a large area in the south of the See also:island and See also:form the highest ground. These are penetrated by eucrites and gabbros, followed later by granites; and the whole has been subsequently crushed into a complex gneissose mass. . Still later, See also:dolerite sills and sheets and dikes of granophyre and See also:quartz felsite followed in the same region. Eigg is mainly built of great basaltic See also:lava flows with intrusions of doleritic rocks; these were succeeded by more See also:acid intrusions, and again by a more basic series of dikes. Pitchstones occur among the later rocks. The Sgurr is capped by a thick intrusion of See also:pitchstone. See also:Jurassic rocks, including the Estuarine Lower Oolite sandstones, shales and limestones and See also:Middle Oolite See also:Oxfordian rocks are found in the north of this island; there is also a small trace of Upper Cretaceous sandstone. Canna, Sanday and Muck are almost wholly basaltic; a small patch of Jurassic occurs on the south of the last-named island. (See also See also:SKYE.) Forests and See also:Fauna.—See also:Deer forests occupy an enormous area, particularly in the west, in the centre, in the south and south-east and in Skye. From the number of trees found in See also:peat bogs, the county must once have been thickly covered with See also:wood. Strathspey is still celebrated for its forests, and the natural See also:woods on Loch Arkaig, in Glen Garry, Glen Moriston, Strathglass and Strathfarrar, and at the head of Loch See also:Sheil, are extensive. The forests consist chiefly of See also:oak, Scotch See also:fir, See also:birch, ash, mountain-ash (rowan), See also:holly, See also:elm, See also:hazel and Scots See also:poplar, but there are also great plantations of See also:larch, spruce, See also:silver fir, See also:beech and See also:plane.

Part of the See also:

ancient Caledonian See also:forest extends for several miles near the Perthshire boundary. Red and See also:roe deer, the Alpine and See also:common See also:hare, black See also:game and See also:ptarmigan, See also:grouse and See also:pheasant abound on the See also:moors and woodlands. Foxes and wild See also:cats occur, and otters are met with in the lakes and streams. There are also eagles, See also:hawks and owls, while great flocks of waterfowl, particularly swans, resort to Loch See also:Inch and other lakes in Badenoch. Many of the rivers and several of the lochs abound with salmon and See also:trout, the salmon See also:fisheries of the Beauly, Ness and Lochy yielding a substantial return. See also:Climate and See also:Agriculture.—See also:Rain is heavy and frequent in the mountains, but slighter towards the northern coast; the fall for the See also:year varying from 73.17 in. at Fort William to 43.17 in. at Fort See also:Augustus, and 2653 in. at Inverness. The mean temperature for the year is 47.2°F., for See also:January 38.5° and for See also:August 58°. Although since 1852 the cultivated area has increased greatly, actually the percentage of See also:land under crops is still small. The Aird and Beauly districts, some of the straths and several of the glens are fertile. Oats are the predominant See also:crop, See also:barley is grown (mostly for the distilleries), but the See also:wheat acreage is trifling. Of green crops turnips do well in certain districts, artificial See also:manures being extensively used. In those quarters where the See also:soil is dry, potatoes are successfully saised.

An immense number of the holdings are crofts.averaging 5 acres or under. About 50% are between 5 acres and 5o; but few are above go. The operations of the Crofters' See also:

Commission (1886) have been beneficial in a variety of ways. Not only have rentals been reduced considerably and arrears cancelled, but the increased sense of See also:security resulting from the granting of See also:fair rentals, fixity of See also:tenure and See also:compensation for disturbance bas induced tenants to reclaim See also:waste land, to enlarge their holdings and to apply themselves more thriftily and with greater enterprise and intelligence to the development of their farms. On the large holdings the most See also:modern methods of husbandry are followed, the See also:farm buildings are excellent and the implements up-to-date. The hills furnish See also:good pastures. The flocks of See also:sheep are exceptionally heavy, the chief varieties on the uplands being Cheviots and black-faced and in some of the lower districts Leicesters and half-breeds. Of the See also:cattle the principal breed is the Highland, the largest and best herds of which are in the Western Isles. Polled and shorthorns are also reared, and Ayrshires are kept for See also:dairy purposes. Great See also:numbers of the See also:hardy Highland ponies are raised on the hill farms, and the breed of agricultural horses was improved by the introduction of Clydesdale stallions. Where pigs are reared they appear to be kept, especially amongst the crofters, for domestic See also:consumption. Industries.—Manufactures are few.

Indeed, excepting the industries carried on in Inverness, they are almost entirely confined to distilling—at Fort William, See also:

Kingussie, Carbost, See also:Muir of Ord and some other places—brewing, woollens (especially tartans, plaids and rough tweeds), milling and (at Kirktown near Inverness) artificial manures. The catering for the wants of thousands of sportsmen and tourists, however, provides employment for a large number of persons, and has led 'to the opening of hotels even in the remotest regions. The fisheries, on the other See also:hand, are of great value, especially to the Hebrideans. The See also:kelp See also:industry has died out. Communications.—Owing to its See also:physical See also:character communication by See also:rail is somewhat restricted, but the Highland railway enters the shire from the south near Dalwhinnie and runs to Inverness via Aviemore and Daviot. Another portion of the same See also:system also reaches the county town from See also:Nairnshire. The See also:Dingwall and Skye railway passes along the southern shore of Beauly Firth. In the south-west the West Highland railway (North British) enters the county 2 M. N.W. of Rannoch station and terminates at Mallaig, via Fort William and Banavie, sending off at Spean Bridge a See also:branch to Fort Augustus. There is also communication by steamer with the piers of the Caledonian Canal and with the Western Isles, and a considerable amount of See also:shipping reaches Beauly and Inverness by way of Moray Firth. Coaches supplement rail and steamer at various points. See also:Population and See also:Government.—The population was 90,121 in 1891, and 90,104 in 1901, when 43,281 persons spoke Gaelic and See also:English, and 11,722 Gaelic only.

The only considerable towns are Inverness (pop. in 1901, 23,066) and Fort William (2087). The county returns one member to parliament, but the county town, along with Forres, Fortrose and Nairn, belongs to the Inverness district group of See also:

parliamentary burghs. Inverness forms a sheriffdom with Elgin and Nairn, and there are See also:resident sheriffs-substitute at Inverness, Fort William, Portree and Lochmaddy. The county is under school-See also:board See also:jurisdiction, and there are voluntary schools (mostly See also:Roman See also:Catholic) in several places. The secondary schools in Inverness and some in the county See also:earn grants for higher See also:education. The town council of Inverness subsidizes the burgh technical and art school. At Fort Augustus is a well-known collegiate institution for the education of the sons of well-to-do Roman Catholics. See also:History.—To the north of the boundary hills of the present counties of Argyll and Perth (beyond which the See also:Romans attempted no occupation) the country was occupied by the Picts, the true Caledonians. The territory was afterwards called the See also:province of Moray, and extended from the Spey and Loch Lochy to See also:Caithness. These limits it retained until the 17th See also:century, when Caithness (in 1617), See also:Sutherland (in 1633) and Ross-shire (in 1661) were successively detached. Towards the end of the 6th century Columba undertook the See also:conversion of the Picts, himself baptizing their king, Brude, at Inverness; but paganism died hard and tribal See also:wars prevented progress. In the 11th century, after the See also:death of Duncan, Scotland was divided between Macbeth and the See also:Norwegian See also:leader Thorfinn, who took for his See also:share the land peopled by the northern Picts.

Malcolm Canmore, avenging his See also:

father, defeated and slew Macbeth (10J7), and at a later date reduced the country and annexed it to the kingdom of Scotland. In 1107, when the bishopric of Moray was founded, the See also:influence of the See also:Church was beginning to effect some improvement in See also:manners. Nevertheless, a See also:condition of insurrection supervened until the reign of See also:David I., when colonists of See also:noble See also:birth were settled in various parts of the shire. After the battle of See also:Largs (1263) the Norse yoke was thrown off. In 1303 Edward I.'s expedition to Scotland passed through the northern districts, his See also:army laying See also:siege to Urquhart and See also:Beaufort castles. After the See also:plantation the clan system gradually See also:developed and attained in the shireits fullest power and splendour. The Frasers occupied the Aird and the district around Beauly; the Chisholms the Urquhart country; the Grants the Spey; the Camerons the land to the west and south of Loch Lochy (Locheil); the Chattan—comprising several septs such as the Macphersons, Mackintoshes, Farquharsons and Davidsons—Badenoch; the Macdonalds of the Isles Lochaber; the Clanranald Macdonalds Moidart, Knoydart, Morar, Arisaig and Glengarry; and the Macleods Skye. Unfortunately the proud and fiery chieftains were seldom quiet. The clans were constantly fighting each other, occasionally varying their warfare by See also:rebellion against the See also:sovereign. In many quarters the See also:Protestant movement made no headway, the clansmen remaining steadfast to the older creed. At the era of the See also:Covenant, See also:Montrose conducted a vigorous See also:campaign in the interests of the Royalists, gaining a brilliant victory at Inverlochy (1645), but the effects of his crusade were speedily neutralized by the equally masterly See also:strategy of Cromwell. Next See also:Episcopacy appeared to be securing a foothold, until See also:Viscount See also:Dundee See also:fell at See also:Killiecrankie, that battle being followed by a defeat of the Highlanders at Cromdale in 169o.

The futile rising headed by See also:

Mar in 1715 led to a combined effort to hold the clans in check. Forts were constructed at Inverness, Kilchumin (Fort Augustus) and•Kilmallie (Fort William); See also:Wade's famous roads—exhibiting at many points notable examples of See also:engineering—enabled the king's soldiers rapidly to scour the country, and See also:general disarming was required. Prince Charles Edward's See also:attempt in 1745 had the effect of bringing most of the clans together for a while; but the clan system was broken up after his failure and See also:escape. Heritable jurisdictions were abolished. Even the wearing of the Highland See also:dress was proscribed. The effects of this policy were soon evident. Many of the chieftains became embarrassed, their estates were sold, and the glensfolk, impoverished but high-spirited, sought homes in See also:Canada and the United States. As time passed and See also:passion See also:abated, the proposal was made to raise several Highland regiments for the British army. It was entertained with surprising favour, and among the regiments then enrolled were the nth See also:Cameron Highlanders. With the closing of the See also:chapter of the Jacobite See also:romance the shire gradually settled down to peaceful pursuits. The county in parts is See also:rich in antiquarian remains. Stone axes and other weapons or tools have been dug up in the peat, and prehistoric See also:jewelry has also been found.

Lake dwellings occur in Loch See also:

Lundy in Glengarry and on Loch Beauly, and stone circles are numerous, as at Inches, Clava, and in the valley of the Ness. Pictish towers or brochs are met with in Glenbeg (Glenelg), and See also:duns (forts) in the Aird and to the west and south-west of Beauly and elsewhere. Among vitrified forts the principal are those on Craig Phadrick, Dundbhairdghall in Glen Nevis, Dun Fionn or Fingal's fort on the Beauly, near Kilmorack, Achterawe in Glengarry and in Arisaig. See J. Cameron Lees, History of the County of Inverness (See also:Edinburgh, 1897) ; C. See also:Fraser-See also:Mackintosh, Letters of Two Centuries (Inverness, 189o) ; Alexander See also:Mackenzie, Histories of the Mackenzies, Camerons, &c. (Inverness, 1874—1896) ; A. See also:Stewart, Nether Lochaber (Edinburgh, 1883) ;. Alexander See also:Carmichael, " Grazing and Agrestic Customs of the Outer Hebrides " (Crofters' Commission See also:Report, 1884).

End of Article: INVERNESS

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