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water it keeps its leaves longer than do trees in drier situations, and the glossy green foliage lasting after other trees have put on the red or See also:

brown of autumn renders it valuable for landscape effect. The stout cylindrical male' catkins are pendulous, red-dish in See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and 2 to 4 in. See also:

long; the See also:

FEMALE

female are smaller, less than an See also:

INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in length and reddish-brown in colour, suggesting young See also:

fir-cones. When the small winged fruits have been scattered the ripe, woody, blackish cones remain, often lasting through the See also:

winter. The alder is readily propagated by seeds, but throws up See also:

root-suckers abundantly. It is important as See also:

COPPICE, or COPSE (from an O. Fr. copeis or coupeis, from Late Lat. colpare, to cut with a blow; colpas, the Late Lat. for "blow," is a shortened form of colapus or colaphus, adapted from the Gr. ,co)

coppice-See also:

wood on marshy ground. The wood is soft, See also:

white when first cut and turning to See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale red; the knots are beautifully mottled.

Under water the wood is very durable, and it is there-fore used for piles. The supports of the Rialto at See also:

Venice, and many buildings at See also:

Amsterdam, are of alder-wood. See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

Furniture is sometimes made from the wood, and it supplies excellent See also:

CHARCOAL

charcoal for See also:

GUNPOWDER

gunpowder. The bark is astringent; it is used for tanning and See also:

DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing. ALDER-See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

FLY, the name given to neuropterous See also:

INSECTS

insects of the See also:

FAMILY

family Sialidae, related to the See also:

ant-lions, with long filamentous antennae and four large wings, of which the anterior pair is rather longer than the posterior. The See also:

FEMALES

females See also:

lay a vast number of eggs upon grass stems near water. The larvae are aquatic,active, armed with strong See also:

sharp mandibles, and breathe by means of seven pairs of abdominal branchial filaments. When full-sized they leave the water and spend a quiescent pupal See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage on the See also:

LAND

land before See also:

METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis into the sexually mature See also:

INSECT

insect. Sialis lutaria is a well-known British example. In See also:

AMERICA

America there are two genera, Corydalis and Chauliodes, which are remarkable for their relatively gigantic size and for the immense length and sabre-like shape of the mandibles.

End of Article: ALDER

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