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See also:MACCULLOCH, See also:JOHN (1773-1835) , Scottish geologist, descended from the Maccullochs of Nether Ardwell in See also:Galloway, was See also:born in See also:Guernsey, on the 6th of See also:October 1773, his See also:mother being a native of that See also:island. Having displayed remarkable
M'CULLOCH
See also:powers as a boy, he was sent to study See also:medicine in the university of See also:Edinburgh, where he qualified as M.D. in 1793, and then entered the See also:army as assistant surgeon. Attaching himself to the See also:artillery, he became chemist to the See also:board of See also:ordnance (1803). He still continued, however, to practise for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time as a physician, and during the years 1807–1811 he resided at See also:Blackheath. In 1811 he communicated his first papers to the See also:Geological Society. They were devoted to an elucidation of the geological structure of Guernsey, of the Channel Islands, and of See also:Heligoland. The See also:evidence they afforded of his capacity, and the fact that he already had received a scientific See also:appointment, probably led to his being selected in the same See also:year to make some geological and mineralogical investigations in See also:Scotland. He was asked to See also:report upon stones adapted for use in See also:powder-See also:mills, upon the suitability of the See also:chief Scottish mountains for a repetition of the pendulum experiments previously conducted by See also:Maskelyne and See also:Playfair at Schiehallion, and on the deviations of the plumb-See also:line along the See also:meridian of the Trigonometrical Survey. In the course of the explorations necessary for the purposes of these reports he made extensive observations on the See also:geology and See also:mineralogy of Scotland. He formed also a collection of the See also:mineral productions and rocks of that See also:country, which he presented to the Geological Society in 1814. In that year he was appointed geologist to the Trigonometrical Survey; and in 1816–1817 he was See also:president of the Geological Society. Comparatively little had been done in the investigation of Scottish geology, and finding the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field so full of promise, he devoted himself to its cultivation with See also:great ardour. One of his most important labours was the examination of the whole range of islands along the See also:west of Scotland, at that time not easily visited, and presenting many obstacles to a scientific explorer. The results of this survey appeared (1819) in the See also:form of his Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, including the Isle of See also:Man (2 vols. 8vo, with an See also:atlas of plates in 4to), which forms one of the classical See also:treatises on See also:British geology. He was elected F.R.S. in 182o. He continued to write papers, chiefly on the rocks and minerals of Scotland, and had at last gathered so large an amount of See also:information that the See also:government was prevailed upon in the year 1826 to employ him in the preparation of a geological See also:map of Scotland. From that date up to the time of his See also:death he returned each summer to. Scotland and traversed every See also:district of the See also:kingdom, inserting the geological features upon See also:Arrowsmith's map, the only one then available for his purpose. He completed the field-See also:work in 1832, and in 1834 his map and memoir were ready for publication, but these were not issued until 1836, the year after he died. Among his other See also:works the following may be mentioned: A Geological See also:Classification of Rocks with Descriptive Synopses of the See also:Species and Varieties, comprising the Elements of See also:Practical Geology (1821); The See also:Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, in a See also:series of letters to See also:Sir See also:Walter See also:Scott (4 vols. 1824); A See also:System of Geology, with a Theory of the See also:Earth and an Examination of its Connexion with the Sacred Records (2 vols. 1831). During a visit to See also:Cornwall he was killed by being dragged along in the See also:wheel of his See also:carriage, on the 21st of See also:August 1835.
In penning an obituary See also:notice, C. See also:Lyell in 1836 (Prot. Geol. See also:Soc. ii. 357) acknowledged " with gratitude " that he had " received more instruction from Macculloch's labours in geology than from those of any living writer."
M'CULLOCH, JOHN See also:RAMSAY (1789-1864), British economist and statistician, was born on the 1st of See also:March 1789 at See also:Whithorn in See also:Wigtownshire. His See also:family belonged to the class of " states-men," or small landed proprietors. He was for some time employed at Edinburgh as a clerk in the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of a writer to the signet. But, the Scotsman newspaper having been established at the beginning of 1817, M'Culloch sent a contribution to the See also:fourth number, the merit of which was at once recognized; he soon became connected with the management of the See also:paper, and during 1818 and 1819 acted as editor. Most of his articles related to questions of See also:political See also:economy, and he delivered lectures in Edinburgh on that See also:science. He now also began to write on subjects of the same class in the Edinburgh See also:Review,
married by See also:Hugh See also:Macdonald of Armadale. She was brought up under the care of the chief of her See also:clan, Macdonald of Clanranald, and was partly educated in Edinburgh. In See also:June 1746 she was living in Benbecula in the See also:Hebrides when See also:Prince See also:Charles See also:Edward (q.v.) took See also:refuge there after the See also:battle of See also:Culloden. The prince's See also:companion, See also:Captain O'See also:Neill, sought her help. The island was held for the government by the See also:local See also:militia, but the See also:secret sympathies of the Macdonalds were with the Jacobite cause. After some hesitation See also:Flora promised to help. At a later See also:period she told the See also:duke of See also:Cumberland, son of See also:George III. and See also:commander-in-chief in Scotland, that she acted from charity and would have helped him also if he had been defeated and in See also:distress, a statement which need not be accepted as quite literally true. The commander of the militia in the island, a Macdonald, who was probably admitted into the secret, gave her a pass to the See also:main-See also:land for herself, a manservant, an Irish See also:spinning maid, See also:Betty See also:Burke, and a See also:boat's See also:- CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
- CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)
crew of six See also:min. The prince was disguised as Betty Burke. After a first repulse at Waternish, the party landed at Portree. The prince was hidden in a See also:cave while Flora Macdonald found help for him in the neighbourhood, and was finally able to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape. He had See also:left Benbecula on the 27th of June. The talk of the boatmen brought suspicion on Flora Macdonald, and she was arrested and brought to See also:London. After a See also:short imprisonment in the See also:Tower, she was allowed to live outside of it, under the guard of a " messenger " or gaoler. When the See also:Act of See also:Indemnity was passed in 1747 she was left at See also:liberty.
Her courage and See also:loyalty had gained her See also:general sympathy, which was increased by her See also:good See also:manners and See also:gentle See also:character. Dr See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson, who saw her in 1773, describes her as " a woman of soft features, gentle manners and elegant presence." In 1750 she married See also:- ALLEN, BOG OF
- ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
- ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
- ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
- ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
- ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)
Allen Macdonald of Kingsburgh, and in 1773 they emigrated to See also:America. In the See also:War of See also:Independence he served the British government and was taken prisoner. In 1779 his wife returned See also:home in a See also:merchant See also:ship which was attacked by a See also:privateer. She refused to leave the See also:deck during the See also:action, and was wounded in the See also:arm. She died on the 5th of March 1790. There is a statue to her memory in See also:Inverness. Flora Macdonald had a large family of sons, who mostly entered the army or See also:navy, and two daughters.
See A. C. See also:Ewald, See also:Life and Times of Prince Charles Edward (1886). The so-called Autobiography of Flora Macdonald, published by her See also:grand-daughter F. F. Walde (187o) is of small value.
his first contribution being an See also:article on See also:Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy in 1818. Within the next few years he gave both public lectures and private instruction in London on political economy. In 1823 he was chosen to fill the lecture-ship established by subscription in See also:honour of the memory of Ricardo. A See also:movement was set on See also:foot in 1825 by See also:Jeffrey and others to induce the government to found in the university of Edinburgh a See also:chair of political economy, See also:separate from that of moral See also:philosophy, the intention being to obtain the appointment for M`Culloch. This project See also:fell to the ground; but in 1828 he was made See also:professor of political economy in London University. He then fixed his See also:residence permanently in London, where he continued his See also:literary work, being now one of the See also:regular writers in the Edinburgh Review. In 1838 he was appointed See also:comptroller of the See also:stationery office; the duties of this position, which he held till his death, he discharged with conscientious fidelity, and introduced important reforms in the management of the See also:department. Sir See also:Robert See also:Peel, in recognition of the services he had rendered to political science, conferred on him a literary See also:pension of £200 per annum. He was elected a See also:foreign See also:associate of the See also:Institute of See also:France (Acadcmie See also:des sciences morales et politiques). He died in London, after a short illness, on the 11th of See also:November 1864, in the seventy-See also:sixth year of his See also:age. To his See also:personal character and social qualities very favourable testimony was See also:borne by those who knew him best. In general politics he always remained a Whig pure and See also:simple; though he was in intimate relations with See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill and his circle, he never shared the See also:Radical opinions of that See also:group.
M'Culloch cannot be regarded as an See also:original thinker on political economy. He did not contribute any new ideas to that science, or introduce any noteworthy correction of the views, either as to method or See also:doctrine, generally accepted by the dominant school of his See also:day. But the work he did must be pronounced, in relation to the wants of his time, a very valuable one. His name will probably be less permanently associated with anything he has written on economic science, strictly so called, than with his great statistical and other compilations. His See also:Dictionary of See also:Commerce and Commercial See also:Navigation (1832) and his Statistical See also:Account of the British See also:Empire (1837) remain imposing monuments of his extensive and varied knowledge and his indefatigable See also:industry. Another useful work of reference, also the See also:fruit of wide erudition and much labour, is his Literature of Political Economy (1845). Though weak on the See also:side of the foreign literature of the science, it is very valuable as a See also:critical and See also:biographical See also:guide to British writers.
McCULLOUGH, JOHN EDWARD (1837—1885), See also:American actor, was born in See also:Coleraine, See also:Ireland, on the 2nd of November 1837. He went to America at the age of sixteen, and made his first See also:appearance on the See also:stage at the See also:Arch See also:Street See also:Theatre, See also:Philadelphia, in 1857. In support of See also:Edwin See also:Forrest and Edwin See also:Booth he played second roles in Shakespearian and other tragedies, and Forrest left him by will all his prompt books. Virginius was his greatest success, although even in this See also:part and as Othello he was coldly received in See also:England (1881). In 1884 he See also:broke down physically and mentally, and he died in an See also:asylum at Philadelphia on the 8th of November 1885.
End of Article: MACCULLOCH, JOHN (1773-1835)
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