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See also:JEFFREY, See also:FRANCIS JEFFREY , See also:Loin (1773-1850), Scottish See also:judge and See also:literary critic, son of a depute-clerk in the See also:Court of Session, was See also:born at See also:Edinburgh on the 23rd of See also:October 1773. After attending the high school for six years, he studied at the university of See also:Glasgow from 1787 to May 1789, and at See also:Queen's See also:College, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, from See also:September 1791 to See also:June 1792. He had begun the study of See also:law at Edinburgh before going to Oxford, and now resumed his studies there. He became a member of the speculative society, where he measured himself in debate with See also:Scott, See also:Brougham, Francis See also:Horner, the See also:marquess of See also:Lansdowne, See also:Lord Kinnaird and others. He was admitted to the Scotch See also:bar in See also:December 1794, but, having abandoned the Tory principles in which he had been educated, he found that his Whig politics seriously prejudiced his legal prospects. In consequence of his lack of success at the bar he went to See also:London in 1798 to try his See also:fortune as a journalist, but without success; he also made more than one vain See also:attempt to obtain an See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office which would have secured him the See also:advantage of a small but fixed See also:salary. His See also:marriage with See also:Catherine See also:- WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
- WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
- WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
- WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
- WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
- WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
- WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
- WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
- WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
- WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
- WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
- WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
- WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
- WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
- WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )
Wilson in ,8or made the question of a settled income even more pressing. A project for a new See also:review was brought forward by See also:Sydney See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith in Jeffrey's See also:flat in the presence of H. P. Brougham (afterwards Lord Brougham), Francis Horner and others; and the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme resulted in the See also:appearance on the loth of October 1802 of the first number of the Edinburgh Review. At the outset the Review was not under the See also:charge of any See also:special editor. The first three See also:numbers were, however, practically edited by Sydney Smith, and on his leaving for See also:England the See also:work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
Constable, the publisher, was eventually appointed editor at a fixed salary. Most of those associated in the undertaking were Whigs; but, although the See also:general See also:bias of the Review was towards social and See also:political reforms, it was at first so little of a party See also:organ that for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time it numbered See also:Sir See also:Walter Scott among its contributors; and no distinct emphasis was given to its political leanings until the publication in 18o8 of an See also:article by Jeffrey himself on the work of See also:Don Pedro Cevallos on the See also:French Usurpation of See also:Spain. This article expressed despair of the success of the See also:British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon after-wards started in opposition. According to Lord See also:Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was " See also:electrical." The See also:English reviews were at that time practically publishers' See also:organs, the articles in which were written by hack-writers instructed to praise or blame according to the publishers' interests. Few men of any See also:standing consented to write for them. The Edinburgh Review, on the other See also:hand, enlisted a brilliant and See also:independent See also:staff of contributors, guided by the editor, not the publisher. They received sixteen guineas a See also:sheet (sixteen printed pages), increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, instead of the two guineas which formed the See also:ordinary London reviewer's See also:fee. Further, the review was not limited to literary See also:criticism. It constituted itself the accredited organ of moderate Whig public See also:opinion. The particular work which provided the starting-point of an article was in many cases merely the occasion for the exposition, always
brilliant and incisive, of the author's views on politics, social subjects, See also:ethics or literature. These general principles and the novelty of the method ensured the success of the undertaking even after the See also:original circle of exceptionally able men who founded it had been dispersed. It had a circulation, See also:great for those days, of 12,000 copies. The See also:period of Jeffrey's editorship extended to about twenty-six years, ceasing with the ninety-eighth number, published in June 1829, when he resigned in favour of Macvey See also:Napier.
Jeffrey's own contributions, according to a See also:list which has the See also:sanction of his authority, numbered two See also:hundred, all except six being written before his resignation of the editorship. Jeffrey wrote with great rapidity, at See also:odd moments of leisure and with little special preparation. Great fluency and ease of diction, considerable warmth of See also:imagination and moral sentiment, and a See also:sharp See also:eye to discover any oddity of See also:style or violation of the accepted canons of See also:good See also:taste, made his criticisms pungent and effective. But the essential narrowness and timidity of his general outlook prevented him from detecting and estimating latent forces, either in politics or in matters strictly intellectual and moral; and this lack of understanding and sympathy ac-See also:counts for his distrust and dislike of the See also:passion and See also:fancy of See also:Shelley and See also:Keats, and for his praise of the See also:half-hearted and elegant romanticism of See also:Rogers and See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell. (For his treatment of the See also:lake poets see See also:WORDSWORTH, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
WILLIAM.)
A criticism in the fifteenth number of the Review on the morality of See also:Moore's poems led in 18o6 to a See also:duel between the two authors at See also:Chalk See also:Farm. The proceedings were stopped by the See also:police, and Jeffrey's See also:pistol was found to contain no See also:bullet. The affair led to a warm friendship, however, and Moore contributed to the Review, while Jeffrey made ample amends in a later article on Lalla Rookh (1817).
Jeffrey's wife had died in 1805, and in 1810 he became acquainted with See also:Charlotte, daughter of See also:Charles Wilkes of New See also:York, and great-niece of See also:John Wilkes. When she returned to See also:America, Jeffrey followed her, and they were married in 1813. Before returning to England they visited several of the See also:chief See also:American cities, and his experience strengthened Jeffrey in the conciliatory policy he had before advocated towards the States. Notwithstanding the increasing success of the Review, Jeffrey always continued to look to the bar as the chief See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of his ambition. As a See also:matter of fact, his literary reputation helped his professional See also:advancement. His practice extended rapidly in the See also:civil and criminal courts, and he regularly appeared before the general See also:assembly of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of See also:Scotland, where his work, though not financially profitable, increased his reputation. As an See also:advocate his sharpness and rapidity of insight gave him a formidable advantage in the detection of the weaknesses of a See also:witness and the vulnerable points of his opponent's See also:case, while he grouped his own arguments with an admirable eye to effect, especially excelling in eloquent closing appeals to a See also:jury. Jeffrey was twice, in 1820 and 1822, elected lord See also:rector of the university of Glasgow. In 1829 he was chosen See also:dean of the See also:faculty of See also:advocates. On the return of the Whigs to, See also:power in 1830 he became lord advocate, and entered See also:parliament as member for the See also:Perth burghs. He was unseated, and afterwards returned for See also:Malton, a See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough in the See also:interest of Lord See also:Fitzwilliam. After the passing of the Scottish Reform See also:Bill, which he introduced in parliament, he was returned for Edinburgh in December 1832. His See also:parliamentary career, which, though not brilliantly successful, had won him high general esteem, was terminated by his See also:elevation to the judicial See also:bench as Lord Jeffrey in May 1834. In 1842 he was moved to the first See also:division of the Court of Session. On the disruption of the Scottish Church he took the See also:side of the seceders, giving a judicial opinion in their favour, afterwards reversed by the See also:house of lords. He died at Edinburgh on the 26th of See also:January 1850.
Some of his contributions to the Edinburgh Review appeared in four volumes in 1844 and 1845. This selection includes the See also:essay on " Beauty " contributed to the Ency. Brit. The See also:Life of Lord Jeffrey, with a Selection from his See also:Correspondence, by Lord Cockburn, appeared in 1852 in 2 vols. See also the Selected Correspondenceof Macvey Napier (1877) ; the See also:sketch of Jeffrey in See also:Carlyle's Reminiscences, vol. ii. (1881) ; and an essay by See also:Lewis E. See also:Gates in Three Studies in Literature (New York, 1899).
End of Article: JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY
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