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loo, and in some few cases as much as 130 or 150 ft. The branches are numerous and spreading, and often pendulous at the extremities; the bark is rugged; the leaves are alternate, ovate, rough, doubly serrate, and, as in other species of Ulmus, unequal at the See also:

BASE

base. The See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are small, hermaphrodite, numerous, in purplish-See also:

brown tufts, and each with a fringed basal bract; the See also:

bell-shaped calyx is often four-toothed and surrounds four See also:

FREE

free stamens; the See also:

PISTIL

pistil bears two spreading hairy styles. They appear before the leaves in See also:

March and See also:

APRIL

April. The See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed-vessels are See also:

green, membranous, one-seeded and deeply cleft. Unlike the wych elm, the common elm rarely perfects its seed in England, where it is propagated by means of See also:

root suckers from old trees, or preferably by layers from stools. In the first ten years of its growth it ordinarily reaches a height of 25 to 30 ft. The See also:

wood, at first brownish See also:

white, becomes, with growth, of a brown See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour having a greenish shade. It is See also:

close-grained, free from knots, without apparent medullary rays, and is hard and tough, but will not take a See also:

POLISH

polish.

All parts of the See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, including the sapwood, are available in See also:

CARPENTRY

carpentry. By drying, the wood loses over 6o% of its See also:

WEIGHT

weight, and has then a specific gravity of o•588. It has considerable transverse strength, does not crack when once seasoned, and is remarkably durable under See also:

WATER

water, or if kept quite dry; though it decays rapidly on exposure to the See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, which in ten to eighteen months causes the bark to fall off, and gives to the wood a yellowish colour—a sign of deterioration in quality. To prevent shrinking and warping it may be preserved in water or mud, but it is best worked up soon after See also:

FELLING

felling. Analyses of the ash of the wood have given a percentage of 47.8% of See also:

lime, 21.9% of potash, and 13.7% of soda. In summer, elm trees often exude an alkaline gummy substance, which by the See also:

ACTION

action of the See also:

air becomes the brown insoluble See also:

BODY

body termed ulmin. ' Elm wood is used for keels and See also:

BILGE (a corruption of bulge, from Fr. bouge, Lat. bulga, a bag, deriving probably from an original Celtic word)

bilge-planks, the blocks and dead-eyes of See also:

RIGGING (A.S. wrigan or wrihan, to clothe)

rigging, and See also:

SHIPS

ships' pumps, for coffins, wheels, See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, carved and turned articles, and for See also:

general carpenters' See also:

WORK

work; and previous to the common employment of See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron was much in See also:

REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for waterpipes. The inner bark of the elm is made into bast mats and See also:

ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes. It contains See also:

MUCILAGE (from Late Lat. mucilago, a mouldy juice, from mucere, to be mouldy)

mucilage, with a little tannic See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, and was formerly much employed for the preparation of an antiscorbutic decoction, now obsolete. The bark of Ulmus fulva, the slippery or red elm of the See also:

UNITED

United States and See also:

CANADA

Canada, serves the North See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians for the same purpose, and also as a vulnerary. The leaves as well as the See also:

young shoots of elms have been found a suitable See also:

food for live stock. For ornamental purposes elm trees are frequently planted, and in avenues, as at the See also:

park of Stratfieldsaye, in See also:

HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, are highly effective.

They were first used in See also:

France for the adornment of public walks in the reign of See also:

Francis I. In See also:

Italy, as in See also:

ancient times, it is still customary to See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train the See also:

VINE

vine upon the elm—a practice to which frequent allusion has been made by the poets. The See also:

cork-barked elm, U. campestris, See also:

var. suberosa, is distinguished chiefly by the thick deeply fissured bark with which its branches are covered. There are numerous cultivated forms differing in See also:

SIZE

size and shape of See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, and manner of growth. The Scotch or wych elm, U. See also:

MONTANA

montana, is indigenous to Britain and is the common elm of the See also:

NORTHERN

northern portion of the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island; it usually attains a height of about 50 ft., but among tall-growing trees may reach 120 ft. It has drooping branches and a smoother and thinner bark, larger and more tapering leaves, and a far less deeply notched seed-See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel than U. campestris. The wood,though more porous than in that species, is a tough and hard material when properly seasoned, and, being very flexible when steamed, is well adapted for See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-See also:

BUILDING

building. Branches of the wych elm were formerly manufactured into bows, and if forked were employed as See also:

DIVINING

divining-rods. The weeping elm, the most ornamental member of the genus, is a variety of this species. The Dutch or See also:

sand elm is a See also:

tree very similar to the wych elm, but produces inferior See also:

TIMBER

timber. The American or white elm, U. americana, is a See also:

hardy and very handsome species, of which the old tree on See also:

Boston (See also:

Mass.) Common was a representative. This tree is supposed to have been in existence before the See also:

settlement of Boston, and at the See also:

time of its destruction by the See also:

storm of the 15th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1876 measured 22 ft. in circumference.

End of Article: ELM

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ELLWOOD, THOMAS (1639—1714)

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