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SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

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Originally appearing in Volume V26, Page 169 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND See also:
DUKES
DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)
DUKES OF . The first See also:

EARL

earl of Sutherland was a certain See also:

William (d. 1284), whose See also:

FATHER

father, See also:

Hugh Freskin (d. 1204), acquired the See also:

DISTRICT

district of Sutherland about 1197. Probably about 1230 William was created earl of Sutherland. His descendant William, the 4th earl (d. 1370), was a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of some importance in the See also:

HISTORY

history of See also:

Scotland; he married See also:

Margaret (d. 1358), daughter of See also:

King See also:

Robert See also:

Bruce. His descendant See also:

John, the 9th earl, a See also:

man of weak See also:

INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, died unmarried in 1514. John's See also:

SISTER

sister See also:

Elizabeth (d. 1535) married See also:

Adam See also:

Gordon (d. 1537), a younger son of See also:

George Gordon, 2nd earl of See also:

Huntly, and a See also:

GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of King See also:

James I., and before 1516 Gordon be-came earl of Sutherland by right of his wife.

He was succeeded by his grandson John (c. 1526-1567), the 2nd earl of his See also:

LINE

line, who played his See also:

PART

part in the turbulent politics of the See also:

time and was poisoned at the instigation of George See also:

Sinclair, 4th earl of See also:

CAITHNESS

Caithness. His See also:

GREAT

great-grandson John, the 5th earl (1609-1663), was a strong Covenanter, being called by his associates " the See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Earl John "; he fought against See also:

Montrose at Auldearn, but afterwards he rendered good service to See also:

Charles II. John Gordon (c. 1660-1733), who became the seventh earl in 1703, supported the revolution of 1688 and was a See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner for the See also:

union of See also:

England and Scotland. He was a Scottish representative peer in four parliaments, See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

trade and manufactures, and See also:

lord-See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the eight See also:

NORTHERN

northern counties of Scotland. He was active in putting down the rising of 1715. This earl, who took the name of Sutherland instead of that of Gordon, was succeeded by his grandson William (c. 1708-1750), a representative peer, who helped to suppress the See also:

REBELLION

rebellion of 1745. William, the next earl, died without male issue in 1766. This earl's daughter Elizabeth (1765–1839) claimed the See also:

peerage, and although her See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title thereto was See also:

con-tested by See also:

Sir Robert Gordon, See also:

BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart., a descendant of the first Gordon earl, it was confirmed by the See also:

House of Lords in 1771. Established in the See also:

possession of the title and the vast estates of the earldom, the countess of Sutherland was married in 1785 to George See also:

Granville Leveson-See also:

Gower (1758-1833), who succeeded his father as second See also:

marquess of See also:

Stafford in 1803.

In addition to the estates of the marquessate of Stafford, Leveson-Gower inherited the See also:

Bridgewater See also:

Canal and estates from his maternal See also:

UNCLE

uncle, See also:

Francis See also:

EGERTON, SIR PHILIP DE MALPAS GREY

Egerton, and See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bridgewater, and these properties, together with his wife's estates, which included almost the whole of the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Sutherland, made him a " See also:

LEVIATHAN

leviathan of See also:

WEALTH

wealth," as he is called by Charles Greville. In 1833 he was created duke of Sutherland. Leveson-Gower was a member of See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament from 1778 to 1784 and again from 1787 to 1798 and was See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in See also:

Paris from 1790 to 1792. From 1799 to 1810 he was See also:

JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint postmaster-See also:

general. He was a See also:

COLLECTOR

collector of paintings, and See also:

PURCHASED

purchased Stafford House, still the See also:

LONDON

London See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the dukes of Sutherland. As a landlord he greatly improved his estates in See also:

STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire and See also:

SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire and then turned his See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to those of his wife in See also:

SUTHERLANDSHIRE

Sutherlandshire. He was responsible for the construction of about 450 M. of road and of many See also:

bridges, but his policy of removing a large number of his tenants from the interior to the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast aroused bitterness and See also:

criticism. However, he reduced rents and brought thousands of acres into cultivation. He died at Dunrobin See also:

Castle on the 5th of See also:

JULY

July 1833. His See also:

elder son, George Granville (1786-1861), became the 2nd duke, but the valuable Bridgewater estates passed to his younger son, Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, who was created earl of See also:

ELLESMERE

Ellesmere in 1846. The 2nd duke's wife, Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana (18o6–1868), a daughter of George See also:

Howard, 6th earl of See also:

Carlisle, was one of See also:

Queen See also:

Victoria's most intimate See also:

friends. She was See also:

MISTRESS

mistress of the See also:

ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes to the queen, whose refusal to part with her in 1839 led to a ministerial crisis.

Some of her letters are published in Stafford House Letters, edited by her son Lord Ronald Gower (1891). George Granville William, the 3rd duke (1828-1892), spent large sums in improving his estates. His wife See also:

Anne (1829-1888), daughter of John See also:

Hay See also:

Mackenzie, was created countess of Cromartie in 1861, and the earldom descended to her second son Francis (1852-1893). When he died without sons the earldom See also:

fell into See also:

ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance, but this was terminated in 1895 in favour of his (See also:

LAUGHTER

laughter Sibell Lilian (b. 1878), the author of The Days of See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire and other books. In 1892 Cromartie Leveson-Gower (b. 1851), who had been M.P. for Sutherlandshire, became 4th duke of Sutherland. His wife, Millicent Fanny, daughter of the 4th earl of See also:

Rosslyn, became well known in See also:

LITERARY

literary as well as in social and philanthropic circles.

End of Article: SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

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