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LISBON (Lisboa)

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 773 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LISBON (Lisboa) , the See also:capital of the See also:kingdom of See also:Portugal and of the See also:department of Lisbon; on the right See also:bank of the See also:river See also:Tagus, near its entrance into the See also:Atlantic Ocean, in 38° 42' 24" N. and 9° 11' ro" W. Pop. (1900) 356,009. Lisbon, the westernmost of See also:European capitals, is built in a See also:succession of terraces up the sides of a range of See also:low hills, backed by the See also:granite mountains of See also:Cintra. It fronts the Tagus, and the view from the river of its See also:white houses, and its numerous parks and gardens, is comparable in beauty with the approach to See also:Naples or See also:Constantinople by See also:sea. The See also:lower reaches of the See also:estuary See also:form a channel (Entrada do Tejo) about 2 M. wide and 8 m. See also:long, which is partially closed at its mouth by a See also:bar of silt. Owing to the reclamation of the See also:foreshore on the right, and the consequent narrowing of the waterway, the current flows very swiftly down this channel, which is the See also:sole outlet for the immense See also:volume of See also:water accumulated in the Rada de Lisboa—a tidal See also:lake formed by the broadening of the estuary in its upper See also:part to fill a See also:basin 11 m. long with an See also:average breadth of nearly 7 M. The See also:southern or See also:left See also:shore of the channel rises sharply from the water's edge in a See also:line of almost unbroken though not lofty cliffs; the margin of the lake is See also:flat, marshy and irregular. Lisbon extends for more than 5 M. along the shores of both channel and lake, and for more than 3 M. inland. Its suburbs, which generally terminate in a See also:belt of vineyards, parks or gardens, interspersed with villas and farms, stretch in some cases beyond the See also:Estrada Militar, or Estrada da Nova Circumvallacao, an inner line of See also:defence 25 M. long,supplementary to the forts and other military See also:works at the mouth of the Tagus, on the heights of Cintra and Alverca, and at Caxias, Sacavem, Monsanto and Ameixoeira. The See also:climate of Lisbon is mild and equable, though somewhat oppressive in summer. Extreme See also:cold is so rare that in the twenty years 1856–1876 See also:snow See also:fell only thrice; and in the 18th and See also:early 19th centuries Lisbon was justly esteemed as a See also:winter See also:health-resort.

The mean See also:

annual temperature is 60.1° F., the mean for winter 50.9°, the average rainfall 29.45 in. As in 1906, when no See also:rain fell between See also:April and See also:September, long periods of drought are not uncommon, although the proximity of the Atlantic and the frequency of sea-fogs keep the See also:atmosphere humid; the mean atmospheric moisture is nearly 71 (100 = saturation). There is a See also:good water See also:supply, conveyed to the See also:city by two vast aqueducts. The older of these is the Aqueducto das Aguas Livres, which was built in the first See also:half of the 18th See also:century and starts from a point near Bcllas, 15 m. W.N.W. Its conduits, which are partly under-ground, are conveyed across the See also:Alcantara valley through a magnificent viaduct of See also:thirty-five See also:arches, exceeding 200 ft. in height. At the Lisbon end of the See also:aqueduct is the Mae d'Agua (i.e. " See also:Mother of Water "), containing a huge See also:stone See also:hall in the midst of which is the See also:reservoir. The Alviella aqueduct, opened in 188o, brings water from Alviella near Pernes, 70 M. N.N.E. Numerous fountains are among the means of See also:distribution. Sewage is discharged into the Tagus, and the sanitation of the city is good, except in the older quarters.

Divisions of the City.--The four municipal districts (bairros) into which Lisbon is divided are the Alfama, or old See also:

town, in the See also:east; the Cidade Baixa, or lower town, which extends inland from the See also:naval See also:arsenal and See also:custom See also:house; the Bairro .4110, comprising all the high ground See also:west of the Cidade Baixa; and the Alcantara, or westernmost See also:district, named after the small river Alcantara, which flows down into the Tagus. Other771 names commonly used, though unofficial, are " Lisboa See also:Oriental " as an alternative for Alfama; " Lisboa Occidental " for the slopes which See also:lead from the Cidade Baixa to the Bairro See also:Alto; " Buenos Ayres " (originally so named from the number of its See also:South See also:American residents) for the Bairro Alto S.W. of the Estrella Gardens and E. of the Necessidades See also:Park; " Campo de Ourique " and " Rato " for the suburbs respectively N.W. and N.E. of Buenos Ayres. The Alfanta.—The Alfama, which represents See also:Roman and Moorish Lisbon, is less See also:rich in archaeological See also:interest than its See also:great antiquity might suggest, although parts of a Roman See also:temple, See also:baths, &c., have been disinterred. But as the See also:earthquake of 1755 did comparatively little damage to this See also:quarter, many of its narrow, steep and winding alleys retain the See also:medieval aspect which all other parts of the city have lost; and almost See also:rival the slums of See also:Oporto in picturesque squalor. The most conspicuous feature of the Alfama is the rocky See also:hill surmounted by the See also:Castello de Sao Jorge, a Moorish citadel which has been converted into a fort and See also:barracks. The Se Patriarchal, a See also:cathedral founded in I150 by See also:Alphonso I., is said by tradition to have been a Moorish See also:mosque. It was wrecked by an earthquake in 1344 and rebuilt in 138o, but the earthquake of 1755 shattered the See also:dome, the roof and See also:belfry were subsequently burned, and after the See also:work of restoration was completed the See also:choir and See also:facade were the only parts of the 14th-century See also:Gothic See also:church unspoiled. In one of the See also:side chapels is the See also:tomb of St See also:Vincent (d. 304), See also:patron See also:saint of Lisbon; a pair of ravens kept within the cathedral precincts are popularly believed to be the same birds which, according to the See also:legend, miraculously guided the saint's See also:vessel to the city. The armorial See also:bearings of Lisbon, representing a See also:ship and two ravens, commemorate the legend. Other noteworthy buildings in the Alfama are the 12th-century church of Sao See also:Vicente de F6ra, originally, as its name implies, " outside " the city; the 13th-century See also:chapel of Nossa Senhora do See also:Monte; the 16th-century church of Nossa Senhora da Graca, which contains a reputed wonder-working statue of See also:Christ and the tomb of Alphonso d'See also:Albuquerque (1453–1515); and a secularized Augustinian monastery, used as the See also:archbishop's See also:palace. See also:Modern Lisbon.—West of the Alfama the city See also:dates chiefly from the See also:period after the great earthquake.

Its lofty houses, arranged in long straight streets, its gardens and open spaces, a few of its public buildings, and almost all its numerous statues and fountains, will See also:

bear comparison with those of any European capital. The centre of social and commercial activity is the district which comprises the Praca do Commercio, Rua. See also:Augusta, Rocfo, and Avenida da Liberdade, streets and squares occupying the valley of a vanished tributary of the Tagus. The Praca do Commercio is a spacious square, one side of which faces the river, while the other three sides are occupied by the arcaded buildings of the custom house, See also:post See also:office and other See also:government See also:property. In the midst is a See also:bronze equestrian statue of See also:Joseph I., by J. M. de See also:Castro, which was erected in 1775 and gives point to the name of " See also:Black See also:Horse Square " commonly applied to the Praca by the See also:British. A triumphal See also:arch on the See also:north side leads to Rua Augusta, originally intended to be the See also:cloth-merchants' See also:street; for the See also:plan upon which Lisbon was rebuilt after 1755 involved the restriction of each See also:industry to a specified See also:area. This plan succeeded in the neighbouring Rua Aurea and Rua da Prata, still, as their names indicate, famous for goldsmiths' and silversmiths' shops. Rua Augusta terminates on the north in the Rocfo or Praca de Dom Pedro See also:Quarto, a square paved with See also:mosaic of a curious undulatory See also:pattern and containing two bronze fountains, a lofty See also:pillar surmounted by a statue of Pedro IV., and the royal See also:national See also:theatre (Theatro de Dona Maria Segunda), erected on the site which the See also:Inquisition buildings occupied from 1520 to 1836. The narrow Rua do Principe, leading past the central railway station, a handsome Mauresque See also:building, connects the Rocfo with the Avenida da Liberdade, one of the finest avenues in See also:Europe. The central part of the Avenida, a favourite open-See also:air resort of Lisbon society, is used for See also:riding and See also:driving; on each side of it are paved See also:double avenues of trees, with See also:flower-beds, statues, ponds, fountains, &c., and between these and the broad pavements are two roadways for trams and heavy See also:traffic. Thus the Avenida has the See also:appearance of three parallel streets, separated by avenues of trees instead of houses.

Its width exceeds 300 ft. It owes its name to an See also:

obelisk 98 ft. high, erected in 1882 at its southern end, to commemorate the liberation of Portugal from See also:Spanish See also:rule (See also:December, 1640). North and north-east of the Avenida are the Avenida Park, the See also:Edward VII. Park (so named in memory of a visit paid to Lisbon by the See also:king of See also:England in 1903), Campo Grande, with its finely wooded walks, and Campo Pequeno, with the See also:bull-See also:ring. Other noteworthy public gardens are the Passeio da Estrella, commanding magnificent views of the city and river, the Largo do Principe Real, planted with bananas and other tropical trees, the Tapada das Necessidades, originally the park of one of the royal residences, and the Botanical Gardens of the poly-technic school, with a See also:fine See also:avenue of palms and collections of tropical and subtropical See also:flora hardly surpassed in Europe. There are large Portuguese cemeteries east and west of Lisbon, a See also:German See also:cemetery, and an See also:English cemetery, known also as Os Cyprestcs from the number of its cypresses. This was laid out in 1717 at the cost of the British and Dutch residents and contains the See also:graves of See also:Henry See also:Fielding (17o7–1754), the novelist, and Dr See also:Philip See also:Doddridge (1702–1751), the Non-conformist divine. Lisbon is the seat of an archbishop who since 1716 has See also:borne ex officio the honorary See also:title of See also:patriarch; he presides over the House of Peers and is usually appointed a See also:cardinal. The churches of modern Lisbon are generally built in the See also:Italian See also:style of the 18th century; the interiors are overlaid with heavy See also:ornament. Perhaps the finest is the Estrella church, with its white See also:marble dome and twin towers visible for many See also:miles above the city. The See also:late See also:Renaissance church of Sao Roque contains two beautiful chapels dating from the 18th century, one of which is inlaid with painted tiles, while the other was constructed in See also:Rome of coloured See also:marbles, and consecrated by the See also:pope before being shipped to Lisbon. Its mosaics and lapis lazuli pillars are exceptionally fine.

The 14th-century Gothic Igreja do Carmo was shattered by the great earthquake. Only the See also:

apse, pillared aisles and See also:outer walls remain See also:standing, and the interior has been converted into an archaeological museum. The church of Nossa Senhora da Conceicao has a magnificent Manoeline facade. The Palacio das See also:Cortes, in which both Houses of See also:Parliament sit, is a 16th-century See also:Benedictine See also:convent, used for its See also:present purpose since 1834. It contains the national archives, better known as the Torre do Tombo collection, because in 1375 the archives were first stored in a See also:tower of that name. The royal palace, or Paco das Necessidades, west of Buenos Ayres, is a vast 18th-century See also:mansion occupying the site of a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora das Necessidades (i.e. " Our See also:Lady who See also:helps at need "). The Suburbs of Ajuda and Belem.—In the extreme west of Lisbon, beyond the Alcantara valley, are Belem (i.e. " See also:Bethlehem "), beside the Tagus, and Ajuda, on the heights above. The Paco de Belem, built in 17oo for the See also:counts of See also:Aveiro, became the See also:chief royal palace under See also:John V. (1706–1750). The Torre de Belem, on the foreshore, is a small tower of beautiful See also:design, built in 152o for the See also:protection of See also:shipping.

The finest ecclesiastical building in Portugal except the monasteries of Alcobaca and See also:

Batalha also fronts the river. It is the Convento dos Jeronymos, a Hieronymite convent and church, founded in 1499 to commemorate the See also:discovery of the sea-route to See also:India by Vasco da Gama. It was built of white See also:limestone by Joao de See also:Castilho (d. 1581), perhaps the greatest of Manoelinearchitects. Its cloisters form a square with blunted corners, surrounded by a two-storeyed See also:arcade, every available portion of which is covered with exquisite sculptures. Parts of the building have been restored, but the cloisters and the beautiful central gateway remain unspoiled. The interior contains many royal tombs, including that of See also:Catherine of See also:Braganza (d. 1705), the wife of See also:Charles II. of England. The supposed remains of See also:Camoens and Vasco da Gama were interred here in 1880. In 1834, when the convent was secularized, its buildings were assigned to the Casa Pia, an orphanage founded by Maria I. Since 1903 they have contained the archaeological collections of the Portuguese Ethnological Museum. The royal Ajuda palace, begun (1816–1826) by John VI. but left unfinished, derives its name from the chapel of N.

S. de Ajuda (" Our Lady of Aid "). It contains some fine pictures and See also:

historical trophies. In the See also:coach-house there is an unsurpassed collection of See also:state coaches, the carsupon which figures of See also:saints are borne in procession, See also:sedan chairs, old cabriolets and other curious vehicles. The Environs of Lisbon.—The administrative district of Lisbon has an area of 3065 sq. m., with a See also:population of 709,509 in 1900. It comprises the lower parts of the Tagus and See also:Sado; the sea-See also:coast from 5 m. S. of Cape Carvoeiro to within 3 m. of the See also:bluff called the Escarpa do Rojo; and a See also:strip of territory extending inland for a mean distance of 3o m. This region corresponds with the southern part of See also:Estremadura (q.v.). Its more important towns, See also:Setubal, Cintra, Torres Vedras and See also:Mafra, are described in See also:separate articles. Sines, a small seaport on Cape Sines, was the birthplace of Vasco da Gama. On the left bank of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon, are the small towns of Almada, Barreiro, Aldeia Gallega and Seixal, and the See also:hamlet of Trafaria, inhabited by fishermen. The beautiful strip of coast west of Oeiras and south of Cape Roca is often called the " Portuguese See also:Riviera." Its fine climate, See also:mineral springs and sea-bathing attract visitors at all seasons to the picturesque fortified See also:bay of Cascaes, or to Estoril, Mont' Estoril and Sao Joao do Estoril, modern towns consisting chiefly of villas, hotels and gardens. The Boca do Inferno (" Mouth of See also:Hell ") is a cavity in the rocks at Cascaes resembling the Bufador at Peniscola (q.v.).

The villages of Carcavellos, Bucellas, Lumiar and Collares produce excellent wines; at Carcavellos is the receiving station for cables, with a large British See also:

staff, and a See also:club and grounds where social and athletic meetings are held by the British See also:colony. Alhandra, on the right bank of the Tagus, above Lisbon, was the birthplace of Albuquerque; fighting bulls for the Lisbon See also:arena are bred in the adjacent pastures. See also:Railways, Shipping and See also:Commerce.—Lisbon has five railway stations—the central (Lisboa-Rocfo), for the lines to Cintra, See also:northern and central Portugal, and See also:Madrid via See also:Valencia de Alcantara; the See also:Santa Apolonia or Caes dos Soldados, at the eastern extremity of the quays, for the same lines (excluding Cintra) and for southern Portugal and See also:Andalusia; the Caes do Sodre and See also:Santos, farther west along the quays, for Cascaes; and the Barreiro, on the left bank of the Tagus, for southern Portugal. In 1902 the railways north and south of the Tagus were connected near Lisbon by a See also:bridge. In the previous See also:year an extensive See also:system of electric tramways replaced the old-fashioned See also:cable cars and See also:mule trams. Electric and See also:hydraulic lifts are used where the streets are too steep for trams. Lisbon is lighted by both See also:electricity and See also:gas; it has an admirable See also:telephone service, and is connected by the Carcavellos cable-station with See also:Cornwall (England), See also:Vigo in See also:Galicia, See also:Gibraltar, the See also:Azores and See also:Madeira. See also:Ships of the largest See also:size can enter the Tagus, and the Barreiro inlet is navigable at low water by vessels See also:drawing 16 ft. There are extensive quays along the right bank, with-hydraulic See also:cranes, two graving docks, a slipway, warehouses and lines of railway. The government and private docks are on the left bank. Loading and discharging are principally effected by means of lighters. The exports are wines, oil, See also:fruit, tinned See also:fish, See also:salt, colonial produce, See also:cork, pitwood, See also:leather and See also:wool.

The imports include See also:

cotton and woollen goods, See also:linen, See also:ale and See also:porter, See also:butter, See also:tea, hardware, See also:tin plates, See also:coal, See also:iron, machinery, chemical manure, &c., from Great See also:Britain; See also:grain and See also:petroleum from the See also:United States; dried codfish from See also:Norway and See also:Newfoundland; silks, See also:perfumery and See also:fancy goods from See also:France; See also:hemp, See also:flax, grain, petroleum and cloth from See also:Russia; linen, machinery, hardware, See also:sugar, &c., from See also:Germany and See also:Holland; iron, See also:steel, See also:timber, See also:pitch and salt fish from the Baltic; See also:cocoa, See also:coffee, See also:wax and See also:rubber from the Portuguese colonies. Towards the See also:close of the 19th century the tourist traffic from Great Britain and Germany attained considerable importance, and Lisbon has long been one of the See also:principal ports of debarcation for passengers from See also:Brazil and of embarcation for emigrants to South See also:America. See also:Shipbuilding, including the construction of vessels for the national See also:navy, is a growing industry. The See also:fisheries have always been important, and in no European fishmarket is the produce more varied. Sardines and See also:tunny are cured and tinned for export. In addition to a See also:fleet of about 600 sailing boats, the Tagus is the headquarters of a small fleet of See also:steam trawlers. The See also:industries of Lisbon include See also:dyeing, See also:distillation of See also:spirits and manufactures of woollen, cotton, See also:silk and linen fabrics, of pottery, See also:soap, See also:paper, chemicals, See also:cement, corks, See also:tobacco, preserved foods and biscuits. See also:Education and Charity.—Although the seat of the only university in Portugal was fixed at See also:Coimbra in 1527, Lisbon is the educational centre of the Portuguese See also:world, including Brazil. Its chief learned See also:societies are the Society of Medical Sciences, the See also:Geographical Society, the Royal See also:Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Fine Arts, the Royal Conservatory of See also:Music and the Propaganda de Portugal. The museum of the Academy of Fine Arts contains the largest collection of pictures and statues by native and See also:foreign artists in Portugal The Geographical Society has gained an See also:international reputation; it possesses a valuable library and museum. The National Library, founded in 1796, contains over 400,000 printed books, and upwards of 9000 See also:MSS. There are also colonial, naval, See also:artillery, natural See also:history and commercial museums, meteorological and astronomical observatories, zoological gardens and an See also:aquarium.

Purely educational institutions include the medical, See also:

polytechnic, military and naval See also:schools, commercial, agricultural and See also:industrial institutes, a school of See also:art, a central See also:lyceum, a school for teachers, &c. The English See also:college for British Roman Catholics dates from 1628. The Irish See also:Dominicans have a See also:seminary, and Portuguese ecclesiastical schools are numerous. There are hospitals for See also:women, and for contagious diseases, almshouses, orphanages, a foundling See also:hospital and a very large See also:quarantine station on the south bank of the Tagus, founded in 1857 after an outbreak of yellow See also:fever had devastated the city. Foremost among the theatres, circuses and other places of amusement is the royal See also:opera-house of Sao See also:Carlos, built in 1792–1793 on the See also:model of the Scala at See also:Milan. Population.—The population of Lisbon, 187,4041 in 1878, See also:rose to 301,206 in 1890 and 356,009 in 1900. It includes a large foreign colony, composed chiefly of Spaniards, British, Germans, See also:French, Brazilians and immigrants from the Portuguese colonies, among whom are many half-castes. The See also:majority of the Spaniards are domestic servants and labourers from Galicia, whose industry and easily gained knowledge of the kindred Portuguese See also:language enables them to See also:earn a better livelihood here than in their own homes. The British, German and French communities See also:control a large See also:share of the foreign .See also:trade. The Brazilians and colonial immigrants are often merchants and landowners who come to the mother-See also:country to spend their fortunes in a congenial social environment. The street See also:life of the city is full of interest. The See also:bare-footed, ungainly fishwives, dressed in black and bearing flat trays of fish on their heads; the Galician water-See also:carriers, with their casks; the bakers, bending beneath a hundredweight of See also:bread slung in a huge See also:basket from their shoulders; the countrymen, with their sombreros, sashes and hardwood quarter-staves, give See also:colour and animation to their surroundings; while the bag-pipes played by peasants from the north, the whistles of the See also:knife-grinders, and the distinctive calls of the vendors of fruit, lottery tickets, or oil and See also:vinegar, contribute a See also:babel of See also:sound.

For church festivals and holidays the country-folk come to town, the women riding on pillions behind the men, adorned in shawls, aprons and handkerchiefs of See also:

scarlet or other vivid hues, and wearing the strings of coins and ornaments of exquisite See also:gold and See also:silver See also:filigree which represent their savings or dowries. The costumes and See also:manners of all classes may be seen at their best in the great bull-ring of Campo Pequeno, a Mauresque building which holds many thousands of spectators. A Lisbon bull-fight is a really brilliant See also:exhibition of athletic skill and horseman-ship, in which amateurs often take part, and neither horses nor bulls are killed. There is a Tauromachic Club solely for amateurs. History.—The name Lisbon is a modification of the See also:ancient name Olisipo, also written Ulyssippo under the See also:influence of a mythical See also:story of a city founded by See also:Odysseus (Ulysses) in Iberia, which, however, according to See also:Strabo, was placed by ancient tradition rather in the mountains of Turdetania (the extreme south of See also:Spain). Under the See also:Romans Olisipo became a See also:municipium with the epithet of Felicitas Julia, but was inferior in importance to the less ancient Emerita Augusta (See also:Merida). From 407 to 585 it was occupied by See also:Alaric, and thenceforward by the Visigoths until 711, when it was taken by the See also:Moors. Under the Moors the town See also:bore in Arabic the name of Al Oshbuna or Lashbuna. It was the first point of Moslem Spain attacked by the See also:Normans in 844. When Alphonso I. of Portugal took See also:advantage of the decline and fall of the Almoravid See also:dynasty to incorporate the provinces of Estremadura and See also:Alemtejo in his new kingdom, 1 This figure represents the population of a smaller area than that of modern Lisbon, for the civic boundaries were extended by a See also:decree dated the 23rd of December 1886. Lisbon was the last city of Portugal to fall into his hands, and yielded only after a See also:siege of several months (21st See also:October 1147), in which he was aided by English and Flemish crusaders on their way to See also:Syria. In 1184 the city was again attacked by the Moslems under the powerful See also:caliph See also:Abu Yakub, but the enterprise failed.

In the reign of See also:

Ferdinand I., the greater part of the town was burned by the Castilian See also:army under Henry II. (1373), and in 1384 the Castilians again besieged Lisbon, but without success. Lisbon became the seat of an archbishop in 1390, the seat of government in 1422. During the 16th century it gained much in See also:wealth and splendour from the See also:establishment of a Portuguese See also:empire in India and See also:Africa. From 1580 to 1640 Lisbon was a provincial town under Spanish rule, and it was from this See also:port that the Spanish See also:Armada sailed in 1588. In 164o the town was captured by the See also:duke of Braganza, and the See also:independence of the kingdom restored. For many centuries the city had suffered from earthquakes, and on the 1st of See also:November 1755 the greater part of it was reduced almost in an instant to a heap of ruins. A tidal See also:wave at the same See also:time See also:broke over the quays and wrecked the shipping in the Tagus; See also:fire broke out to See also:complete the work of destruction; between 30,000 and 40,000 persons lost their lives; and the value of the property destroyed was about £20,000,000. The See also:shock was See also:felt from See also:Scotland to See also:Asia See also:Minor. Careful investigation by See also:Daniel See also:Sharpe, an English geologist, has delimited the area in and near Lisbon to which its full force was confined. Lisbon is built in a See also:geological basin of See also:Tertiary formation, the upper portion of which is loose See also:sand and See also:gravel destitute of organic remains, while below these are the so-called Almada beds of yellow sand, calcareous See also:sandstone and See also:blue See also:clay rich in organic remains. The Tertiary deposits, which altogether See also:cover an area of more than 2000 sq. m., are separated near Lisbon from rocks of the Secondary See also:epoch by a great See also:sheet of See also:basalt.

The upper-most of these Secondary rocks is the hippurite limestone. It was found that no building on the blue clay escaped destruction, none on any of the Tertiary deposits escaped serious injury, and all on the hippurite limestone and basalt were undamaged. The line at which the earthquake ceased to be destructive thus corresponded exactly with the boundary of the Tertiary deposits. At the beginning of the 19th century the French invasion, followed by the removal of the See also:

court to Rio de Janeiro, the See also:Peninsular See also:War, the loss of Brazil and a period of revolution and dynastic trouble, resulted in the utter decadence of Lisbon, from which the City only recovered after 1850 (see PORTUGAL: History).

End of Article: LISBON (Lisboa)

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