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CALIPH, CALIF

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 23 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CALIPH, CALIF

CALIPH, CALIF , Or KHALIF (Arab. khlllafa; the lengthening of the a is strictly incorrect), literally " successor," " representative," a See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne originally by See also:

Abu Bekr, who, on the See also:

DEATH

death of See also:

MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet, became the See also:

CIVIL

civil and religious See also:

head of the See also:

MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

state. In the same sense the See also:

TERM

term is used in the See also:

KORAN

Koran of both See also:

Adam and See also:

David as the vicegerents of See also:

God. Abu Bekr and his three (or four) immediate successors are known as the " perfect " caliphs; after them the title was borne by the thirteen Omayyad caliphs of See also:

DAMASCUS

Damascus, and subsequently by the See also:

THIRTY

thirty-seven Abbasid caliphs of See also:

BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad whose See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty See also:

fell before the See also:

TURKS

Turks in 1258. By some rigid Moslems these rulers were regarded as only amirs, not caliphs. There were titular caliphs of Abbasid descent in See also:

EGYPT

Egypt from that date till 1517 when the last caliph was captured by See also:

SELIM

Selim I. On the fall of the Omayyad dynasty at Damascus, the title was assumed by the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

FAMILY

family who ruled in See also:

Spain at See also:

Cordova (755-1031), and the Fatimite rulers of Egypt, who pretended to descent from See also:

Ali, and Fatima, Mahomet's daughter, also assumed the name (see See also:

FATIMITES). According to the Shiite Moslems, who See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office the " imamate " or leadership, no caliph is legitimate unless he is a lineal descendant of the See also:

PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet. The See also:

SUNNITES

Sunnites insist that the office belongs to the tribe of Koreish (Quraish) to which Mahomet himself belonged, but this See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition would vitiate the claim of the See also:

TURKISH

Turkish sultans, who have held the office since its transference by the last caliph to Selim I.

End of Article: CALIPH, CALIF

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