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See also:BEAUFORT, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
HENRY (c. 1377–1447) , See also:English See also:cardinal and See also:bishop of See also:Winchester, was the second son of See also:John of Gaunt, See also:duke
of See also:Lancaster, by See also:Catherine, wife of See also:Sir See also:Hugh See also:Swynford. His parents were not married until 1396, and in 1397 See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Richard II. declared the four See also:children of this See also:union to be legitimate. Henry spent some of his youth at See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, and having entered the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church received various appointments, and was consecrated bishop of See also:Lincoln in See also:July 1398. When his See also:half-See also:brother became
king as Henry IV. in 1399, Beaufort began to take a prominent See also:place in public See also:life; he was made See also:chancellor in 1403, but he
resigned this See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in 1404, when he was translated from Lincoln to Winchester as the successor of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of Wykeham. He exercised considerable See also:influence over the See also:prince of See also:Wales, after-wards King Henry V., and although he steadily supported the See also:house of Lancaster he opposed the party led by See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Arundel, See also:archbishop of See also:Canterbury. A dispute over See also:money See also:left by John Beaufort, See also:marquess of See also:Dorset, caused or widened a See also:breach in the royal See also:family which reached a See also:climax in 1411. The details are not quite clear, but it seems tolerably certain that the prince and the bishop, anxious to retain their See also:power, sought to induce Henry IV. to abdicate in favour of his son. Angry at this See also:request, the king dismissed his son from the See also:council, and Beaufort appears to have shared his disgrace. When Henry V. ascended the See also:throne in 1413 the bishop again became chancellor and took a leading See also:part in the See also:government until 1417, when he resigned his office, and proceeded to the council which was then sitting at See also:Constance. His arrival had an important effect on the deliberations of this council, and the See also:compromise which was subsequently made between the See also:rival parties was largely his See also:work. Grateful for Beaufort's services, the new See also:pope See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin V. offered him a cardinal's See also:hat which Henry V. refused to allow him to accept.
Returning to See also:England, he remained loyal to Henry; and after the king's See also:death in 1422 be-came a member of the council and was the See also:chief opponent of the See also:wild and selfish schemes of See also:Humphrey, duke of See also:Gloucester. In 1424 he became chancellor for the third See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and was mainly responsible for the conduct of affairs during Gloucester's expedition to See also:Hainaut. He was disliked by the citizens of See also:London; and this See also:ill-feeling was heightened when Gloucester, who was a favourite of the Londoners, returned to England and was doubtless reproached by Beaufort for the folly of his undertaking. A See also:riot took place in London, and at the bishop's entreaty, the See also:protector, John, duke of See also:Bedford, came back to England. As this dispute was still unsettled when the See also:parliament met at See also:Leicester in See also:February 1426, Bedford and the lords undertook to arbitrate. Charged by Gloucester with See also:treason against Henry IV. and his successors, Beaufort denied the accusations. But although a reconciliation was effected, the bishop evidently regarded this as
a defeat; and having resigned the chancellorship his energies were diverted into another channel.
Anxious to secure his aid for the crusade against the See also:Hussites, Pope Martin again offered him a cardinal's hat, which Beaufort
accepted. He went to See also:France in 1427, and was then appointed papal See also:legate for See also:Germany, See also:Hungary and Bohemia; and proceeding eastwards, he made a bold but futile effort to rally the crusaders at Tachau. Returning to England to raise money for a fresh crusade, he was received with See also:great See also:state in London; but his See also:acceptance of the cardinalate had weakened his position and Gloucester refused to recognize his _egatine See also:commission. Beau-fort gave way on this question, but an unsuccessful See also:attempt was made in 1429 to deprive him of his see. Having raised some troops he set out for Bohemia; but owing to the disasters which had just attended the English arms in France, he was induced to allow these soldiers to serve in the See also:French See also:war; and in February 1431 the death of Martin V. ended his commission as legate.
Meanwhile an attempt on the part of Gloucester to exclude the cardinal from the council had failed, and it was decided that his attendance was required except during the discussion of questions between the king and the papacy. He accompanied King Henry VI. to See also:Normandy in See also:April 1430, and in See also:December 1431 crowned him king of France. About this time Gloucester made another attempt to deprive Beaufort of his see, and it was argued in the council that as a cardinal he could not hold an English bishopric. The See also:general council was not inclined to See also:press the See also:case against him; but the privy council, more clerical and more hostile, sealed writs of See also:praemunire and See also:attachment against him, and some of his jewels were seized. On his return to England he attended the parliament in May 1432, and asked to hear the charges against him. The king declared him loyal, and a See also:statute was passed freeing him from any penalties which he might have incurred under the Statute of Provisors or in other ways. He supported Bedford in his attempts to restore See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to the finances. In See also:August 1435 he attended the See also:congress at See also:Arras, but was unable to make See also:peace with France; and after Bedford's death his renewed efforts to this end were again opposed by Gloucester, who favoured a continuance of the war. On two occasions the council advised the king to refuse him permission to leave England, but in 1437 he obtained a full See also:pardon for all his offences. In 1439 and 1440 he went to France on See also:missions of peace, and apparently at his instigation the English council decided to See also:release See also:Charles, duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans. This step further irritated Gloucester, who See also:drew up and presented to the king a See also:long and serious See also:list of charges against Beaufort; but the council defended the policy of the cardinal and ignored the See also:personal accusations against him. Beaufort, however, gradually retired from public life, and after witnessing the conclusion of the treaty of See also:Troyes died at Wolvesey See also:palace, Winchester, on the loth of April 1447.
The " See also:black despair " which See also:Shakespeare has See also:cast See also:round his dying See also:hours appears to be without See also:historical See also:foundation. He was buried in Winchester See also:cathedral, the See also:building of which he finished. He also refounded and enlarged the See also:hospital of St See also:Cross near Winchester.
Beaufort was a See also:man of considerable See also:wealth, and on several occasions he See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
lent large sums of money to the king. He was the See also:lover of See also:Lady Alice Fitzalan, daughter of Richard, See also:earl of Arundel, by whom he had a daughter, See also:Joan, who married Sir See also:Edward Stradling of St Donat's in See also:Glamorganshire. His interests were See also:secular and he was certainly proud and ambitious; but See also:Stubbs has pictured the fairer See also:side of his See also:character when he observes that Beaufort " was merciful in his See also:political enmities, enlightened in his See also:foreign policy; that he was devotedly faithful, and ready to See also:sacrifice his wealth and labour for the king; that from the moment of his death everything began to go wrong, and went worse and worse until all was lost."
See Historiae Croylandensis continuatio, translated by H. T. See also:Riley (London, 1854) ; Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, edited by N. H. See also:Nicolas (London, 1834–1837) ; See also:Aeneas Sylvius See also:Piccolomini, Historica Bohemica (See also:Frankfort and See also:Leipzig, 17o7); W. Stubbs, Constitutional See also:History, vol. iii. (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1895) : M.
See also:Creighton, A History of the Papacy during the See also:Period of the See also:Reformation (London, 1897) ; and L. B. Radford, Henry Beaufort (1908).
End of Article: BEAUFORT, HENRY (c. 1377–1447)
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