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See also:LANCASTER, See also:SIR See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (f1. 1591—1618) , See also:English navigator and statesman, one of the foremost pioneers of the See also:British See also:Indian See also:trade and See also:empire. In See also:early See also:life he fought and traded in See also:Portugal. On the loth of See also:April 1 591 he started from See also:Plymouth, with See also:Raymond and Foxcroft, on his first See also:great voyage to the See also:East Indies; this See also:fleet of three See also:ships is the earliest of English oversea Indian expeditions. Reaching Table See also:Bay (1st of See also:August 1591), and Iosing one See also:ship off Cape See also:Corrientes on the 12th of See also:September, the See also:squadron rested and refitted at See also:Zanzibar (See also:February 1592), rounded Cape See also:Comorin in May following, and was off the See also:Malay See also:Peninsula in See also:June. See also:Crossing later to See also:Ceylon, the crews insisted on returning See also:home; the voyage back was disastrous; only twenty-five See also:officers and men reappeared in See also:England in 1594. Lancaster himself reached See also:Rye on the 24th of May 1594; in the same See also:year he led a military expedition against See also:Pernambuco, without much success; but his Indian voyage, like See also:Ralph See also:Fitch's overland explorations and trading, was an important See also:factor in the See also:foundation of the East See also:India See also:Company. In 1600 he was given command of the company's first fleet (which sailed from Torbay towards the end of April 16o1); he was also accredited as See also:Queen See also:Elizabeth's See also:special See also:envoy to various Eastern potentates. Going by the Cape of See also:Good See also:Hope (1st of See also:November 1601) Lancaster visited the Nicobars (from the 9th of April 1602), See also:Achin and other parts of See also:Sumatra (from the 5th of June 1602), and See also:Bantam in See also:Java; an See also:alliance was concluded with Achin, a factory established at Bantam and a commercial See also:mission despatched to the See also:Moluccas. The return voyage (loth of February to 11th of September 1603) was speedy and prosperous, and Lancaster (whose success both in trade and in See also:diplomacy had been brilliant) was rewarded with See also:knighthood (See also:October 1603). He continued to be one of the See also:chief See also:directors of the East India Company till his See also:death in May 1618; most of the voyages of the early See also:Stuart See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time both to India and in See also:search of the See also:North-See also:West passage were undertaken under his See also:advice and direction; Lancaster See also:Sound, on the north-west of See also:Baffin's Bay (in 740 20'N.), was named by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Baffin aftertion by withdrawing for a time from any See also:share in the See also:government. However, in the summer of 1378, he commanded in an attack on St Malo, which through no See also:fault of his failed. To add to this misfortune, during his See also:absence some of his supporters
Sir James (See also:July 1616). 102-110,
See See also:Hakluyt, See also:Principal Navigations, vol. ii. pt. ii. pp.
vol. iii. pp. 708-715 (1599) ; See also:Purchas, Pilgrims, vol. i. pt. ii.
pp. 147-164; also The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster . . . to the
violated the See also:sanctuary at See also:Westminster. He vindicated himself somewhat bitterly in a See also:parliament at See also:Gloucester, but still avoiding a prominent See also:part in the government, accepted the command on the Scottish border. He was there engaged when his See also:palace of the See also:Savoy in" See also:London was burnt during the peasants' revolt in June 1381. See also:Wild reports that even the government had declared him a traitor made him seek See also:refuge in See also:Scotland. See also:Richard had, however, denounced the calumnies, and at once recalled his See also:uncle.
See also:John's self-See also:restraint had strengthened his position, and he began again to think of his See also:Spanish See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme. He urged its undertaking in parliament in 1382, but nearer troubles were more urgent, and John himself was wanted on the Scottish border. There he sought to arrange See also:peace, but against his will was forced into an unfortunate See also:campaign in 1384. His See also:ill-success renewed his unpopularity, and the See also:court favourites of Richard II. intrigued against him. They were probably responsible for the allegation, made by a Carmelite, called Latemar, that John was conspiring against his See also:nephew. Though Richard at first believed it, the See also:matter was disposed of by the See also:friar's death. However, the court party soon after concocted a fresh See also:plot for the See also:duke's destruction; John boldly denounced his traducers, and the See also:quarrel was appeased by the intervention of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's See also:mother. The intrigue still continued, and See also:broke out again during the Scottish campaign in 1385. John was not the See also:man to be forced into See also:treason to his See also:family, but the impossibility of the position at home made his See also:foreign ambitions more feasible.
The victory of John of Portugal over the king of See also:Castile at Aljubarrota, won with English help, offered an opportunity. In July 1386 John See also:left England with a strong force to win his Spanish See also:throne. He landed at See also:Corunna, and during the autumn conquered See also:Galicia. Juan, who had succeeded his See also:father See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry as king of Castile, offered a See also:compromise by See also:marriage.
John of Gaunt refused, hoping for greater success with the help of the king of Portugal, who now married the duke's eldest daughter Philippa. In the See also:spring the See also:allies invaded Castile. They could achieve no success, and sickness ruined the English See also:army. The conquests of the previous year were lost, and when Juan renewed his offers, John of Gaunt agreed to surrender his claims to his daughter by See also:Constance of Castile, who was to marry Juan's See also:heir. After some delay the peace was concluded at See also:Bayonne in 1388. The next eighteen months were spent by John as See also:lieutenant of See also:Aquitaine, and it was not till November 1389 that he returned to England. By his absence he had avoided implication in the troubles at home. Richard, still insecure of his own position, welcomed his uncle, and early in the following year marked his favour by creating him duke of Aquitaine. John on his part was glad to support the king's government; during four years he exercised his See also:influence in favour of pacification at home, and abroad was chiefly responsible for the conclusion of a truce with See also:France. Then in 1395 he went to take up the government of his duchy; thanks chiefly to his lavish See also:expenditure his See also:administration was not unsuccessful, but the Gascons had from the first objected to government except by the See also:crown, and secured his recall within less than a year. Almost immediately after his return John married as his third wife See also:Catherine See also:Swynford; Constance of Castile had died in 1394. Catherine had been his See also:mistress for many years, and his See also:children by her, who See also:bore the name of See also:Beaufort, were now legitimated. In this and in other matters Richard found it politic to conciliate him. But though John presided at the trial of the See also:earl of See also:Arundel in September 1391, he took no active part in affairs. The See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile of his son Henry in 1398 was a See also:blow from which he did not recover. He died on the 3rd of February 1399, and was buried at St See also:Paul's near the high See also:altar.
John was neither a great soldier nor a statesman, but he was a chivalrous See also:knight and loyal to what he believed were the interests of his family. In spite of opportunities and provocations he never See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
lent himself to treason. He deserves See also:credit for his See also:protection of Wycliffe, though he had no sympathy with his religious or See also:political opinions. He was also the See also:patron of See also:Chaucer, whose Boke of the Duchesse was a lament for See also:Blanche of Lancaster.
The chief See also:original See also:sources for John's life are See also:Froissart, themaliciously hostile Chronicon Angliae (1328-1388), and the eulogistic See also:Chronicle of Henry Knighton (both the latter in the Rolls See also:Series). But See also:fuller See also:information is to be found in the excellent See also:biography by S. Armytage-See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith, published in 1904. For his descendants see the table under LANCASTER, See also:HousE OF. (C. L.
End of Article: LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
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