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See also:LANCASTER, See also:JOHN OF GAUNT , Du= OF (1340-1399), See also:fourth son of See also:Edward III. and See also:Queen Philippa, was See also:born in See also:March 1340 at See also:Ghent, whence his name. On the 29th of See also:September 1342 he was made See also:earl of See also:Richmond; as a See also:child he was See also:present at the See also:sea fight with the Spaniards in See also:August 1350, but his first military service was in 1355, when he was knighted. On the i9th of May 1359 he married his See also:cousin See also:Blanche, daughter and ultimately See also:sole heiress of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, See also:duke of Lancaster. In her right he became earl of Lancaster in 1361, and next See also:year was created duke. His See also:marriage made him the greatest See also:lord in See also:England, but for some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he took no prominent See also:part in public affairs. In 1366 he joined his eldest See also:brother, Edward the See also:Black See also:Prince, in See also:Aquitaine, and in the year after led a strong contingent to See also:share in the See also:campaign in support of Pedro the Cruel of See also:Castile. With this began the connexion with See also:Spain, which was to have so See also:great an See also:influence on his after-See also:life. John fought in the See also:van at Najera on the 3rd of See also:April 1367, when the See also:English victory restored Pedro to his See also:throne. He returned See also:home at the end of the year. Pedro proved false to his English See also:allies, and was finally over-thrown and killed by his See also:rival, Henry of Trastamara, in 1369. The disastrous See also:Spanish enterprise led directly to renewed See also:war between See also:France and England. In August 1369 John had command of an See also:army which invaded See also:northern France without success. In the following year he went again to Aquitaine, and was present with the Black Prince at the See also:sack of See also:Limoges. Edward's See also:health was broken down, and he soon after went home, leaving John as his See also:lieutenant. For a year John maintained the war at his own cost, but whilst in Aquitaine a greater prospect was opened to him. The duchess Blanche had died in the autumn of 1369 and now John married See also:Constance (d. 1394), the See also:elder daughter of Pedro the Cruel, and in her right assumed the See also:title of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Castile and See also:Leon. For sixteen years the pursuit of his See also:kingdom was the See also:chief See also:object of John's ambition. No doubt he hoped to achieve his end, when he commanded the great army which invaded France in 1373. But the See also:French would not give See also:battle, and though John marched from See also:Calais right through See also:Champagne, See also:Burgundy and See also:Auvergne, it was with disastrous results; only a shattered remnant of the See also:host reached See also:Bordeaux.
The Spanish See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme had to wait, and when John got back to England he was soon absorbed in domestic politics. The king was prematurely old, the Black Prince's health was broken. John, in spite of the unpopularity of his See also:ill-success, was forced into the foremost See also:place. As See also:head of the See also:court party be had to See also:bear the brunt of the attack on the See also:administration made by the See also:Good See also:Parliament in 1376. It was not perhaps altogether just, and John was embittered by reflections on his See also:loyalty. As soon as the parliament was dissolved he had its proceedings reversed, and next year secured a more subservient See also:assembly. There came, however, a new development. The duke's politics were opposed by the chief ecclesiastics, and in resisting them he had made use of Wycliffe. With Wycliffe's religious opinions he had no sympathy. Nevertheless when the bishops arraigned the reformer for See also:heresy John would not abandon him. The conflict over the trial led to a violent See also:quarrel with the Londoners, and a See also:riot in the See also:city during which John was in danger of his life from the angry citizens. The situation was entirely altered by the See also:death of Edward III. on the 21st of See also:June. Though his enemies had accused him of aiming at the throne, John was without any taint of disloyalty. In his See also:nephew's interests he accepted a See also:compromise, disclaimed before parliament the truth of the malicious rumours against him, and was reconciled See also:form-ally with his opponents. Though he took his proper place in the ceremonies at See also:Richard's See also:coronation, he showed a tactful modera-
member of the royal See also:council, but he was soon at variance with See also:Isabella and her paramour, See also:Roger See also:Mortimer, and was practically deprived of his See also:power. In 1328 his See also:attempt to overthrow Mortimer failed, and he quietly made his See also:peace with the king; a second See also:essay, against Mortimer was more successful. About this time Lancaster became See also:blind; he retired from public life and died on the 22nd of September ,1345.
His son and successor, HENRY, 1st duke of Lancaster
(c. 1300-1361), was a soldier of unusual distinction. Probably from his birthplace in See also:Monmouthshire he was called Henry of Grosmont. He fought in the See also:naval fight off See also:Sluys and in the one off See also:Winchelsea in 1350; he led armies into See also:Scotland, See also:Gascony and See also:Normandy, his exploits in Gascony in 1345 and 1346 being especially successful; he served frequently under Edward III. himself; and he may be fairly described as one of the most brilliant and capable of the English warriors during the earlier part of the See also:Hundred Years' War. During a brief See also:respite frcm the king's service he led a force into See also:Prussia and he was often employed on See also:diplomatic business. In 1354 he was at See also:Avignon negotiating with See also:Pope See also:Innocent VI., who wished to make peace between England and France, and one of his last acts was to assist in arranging the details of the treaty of Bretigny in 136o. In 1337 he was made earl of See also:Derby; in 1345 he succeeded to his See also:father's earldoms of Lancaster and See also:Leicester; in 1349 he was created earl of See also:Lincoln, and in 1351 he was made duke of Lancaster. He was steward of England and one of the See also:original knights of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the garter. He died at Leicester on the 13th of March 1361. He See also:left no sons; one of his daughters, Maud (d. 1362), married See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William V., See also:count of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, a son of the See also:emperor See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis the Bavarian, and the other, Blanche
(d. 1369), married Edward III.'s son, John of Gaunt, who obtained his father-in-See also:law's titles and estates.
End of Article: LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
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