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See also:MATTHIAS (1557-1619) , See also:Roman See also:emperor, son of the emperor See also:Maximilian II. and Maria, daughter of the emperor See also:Charles V., was See also:born in See also:Vienna, on the 24th of See also:February 1557. Educated by the diplomatist O. G. de See also:Busbecq, he began his public See also:life in 1577, soon after his See also:father's See also:death, when he was invited to assume the governorship of the See also:Netherlands, then in the midst of the See also:long struggle with See also:Spain. He eagerly accepted this invitation, although it involved a definite See also:breach with his See also:Spanish kinsman, See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II., and entering See also:Brussels in See also:January 1578 was named See also:governor-See also:general; but he was merely a See also:cipher, and only held: the position for about three years, returning to See also:Germany in See also:October 1581. Matthias was appointed governor of See also:Austria in 1593 by his See also:brother, the emperor See also:Rudolph II.; and two years later, when another brother, the See also:archduke Ernest, died, he became a See also:person of more importance as the eldest surviving brother of the unmarried emperor. As governor of Austria Matthias continued the policy of crushing the Protestants, although personally he appears to have . been inclined to religious tolerance; and he dealt with the rising of the peasants in 1595, in addition to representing Rudolph at the imperial diets, and gaining some fame as a soldier during the See also:Turkish See also:War. A few years later the discontent See also:felt by the members of the See also:Habsburg See also:family at the incompetence of the emperor became very acute, and the See also:lead was taken by Matthias. Obtaining in May 16o5 a reluctant consent from his brother, he took over the conduct of affairs in See also:Hungary, where a revolt had broken out, and was formally recognized by the Habsburgs as their See also:head in See also:April 1606, and was promised the See also:succession to the See also:Empire. In See also:June 16o6 he concluded the See also:peace of Vienna with the rebellious Hungarians, and was thus in a better position to treat with the See also:sultan, with whom peace was made in See also:November. This pacific policy was displeasing to Rudolph, who prepared to renew the Turkish War; but having secured the support of the See also:national party in Hungary and gathered an See also:army, Matthias forced his brother to cede to him this
See also:kingdom, together with Austria and See also:Moravia, both of which had thrown in their See also:lot with Hungary (16o8). The See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Hungary, as Matthias now became, was reluctantly compelled to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant religious See also:liberty to the inhabitants of Austria. The strained relations which had arisen between Rudolph and Matthias as a result of these proceedings were temporarily improved, and a formal reconciliation took See also:place in 1610; but affairs in Bohemia soon destroyed this fraternal peace. In spite of the See also:letter of See also:majesty (Majestatsbrief) which the Bohemians had extorted from Rudolph, they were very dissatisfied with their ruler, whose troops were ravaging their See also:land; and in 1611 they invited Matthias to come to their aid. Accepting this invitation, he inflicted another humiliation upon his brother, and was crowned king of Bohemia in May 1611. Rudolph, however, was successful in preventing the See also:election of Matthias as See also:German king, or king of the See also:Romans, and when he died, in January 1612, no See also:pro-See also:vision had been made for a successor. Already king of Hungary and Bohemia, however, Matthias obtained the remaining hereditary dominions of the Habsburgs, - and in June 1612 was crowned emperor, although the ecclesiastical See also:electors favoured his younger brother, the archduke See also:Albert (1559-1621).
The See also:short reign of the new emperor was troubled by the religious dissensions of Germany. His See also:health became impaired and his indolence increased, and he See also:fell completely under the See also:influence of Melchior See also:Klesl (q.v.), who practically conducted the imperial business. By Klesl's See also:advice he took up an attitude of moderation and sought to reconcile the contending religious parties; but the proceedings at the See also:diet of See also:Regensburg in 1613 proved the hopelessness of these attempts, while their author was regarded with general distrust. Meanwhile the younger Habsburgs, led by the emperor's brother, the archduke Maximilian, and his See also:cousin, See also:Ferdinand, archduke of See also:Styria, afterwards the emperor Ferdinand II., disliking the peaceful policy of Klesl, had allied themselves with the unyielding Roman Catholics, while the question of the imperial succession was forcing its way to the front. In 1611 Matthias had married his cousin See also:Anna (d. 1618), daughter of the archduke Ferdinand (d. 1595), but he was old and childless and the Habsburgs were anxious to retain his extensive possessions in the family. Klesl, on the one See also:hand, wished the See also:settlement of the religious difficulties to precede any arrangement about the imperial succession; the Habsburgs, on the other, regarded the question of the succession as urgent and vital. Meanwhile the disputed succession to the duchies of See also:Cleves and See also:Julich again threatened a See also:European war; the imperial commands were flouted in See also:Cologne and See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, and the Bohemians were again becoming troublesome. Having decided that Ferdinand should succeed Matthias as emperor, the Habsburgs had secured his election as king of Bohemia in June 1617, but, were unable to See also:stem the rising See also:tide of disorder in that See also:country. Matthias and Klesl were in favour of concessions, but Ferdinand and Maximilian met this move by seizing and imprisoning Klesl. Ferdinand had just secured his See also:coronation as king of Hungary when there See also:broke out in Bohemia those struggles which heralded the See also:Thirty Years' War; and on the loth of See also:March 1619 the emperor died at Vienna.
For the life and.reign of Matthias the following See also:works may be consulted: J. Heling, See also:Die Wahl See also:des romischen Konigs Matthias (See also:Belgrade, 1892); A. See also:Gindely, See also:Rudolf II. and See also:seine Zeit (See also:Prague, 1862—1868) ; F. Stieve, Die Verhandlungen fiber die Nachfolge Kaisers Rudolf II. (See also:Munich, 188o); P. von Chlumecky, Karl von Zierotin and seine Zeit (See also:Brunn, 1862—1879) ; A. Kerschbaumer, Kardinal Klesel (Vienna, 1865) ; M. See also:Ritter, Quellenbeitrage zur Geschichte des Kaisers Rudolf II. (Munich, 1872) ; Deutsche Geschichte See also:im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation and des dreissigjahrigen Krieges (See also:Stuttgart, 1887, seq.); and the See also:article on Matthias in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, Bd. XX. (See also:Leipzig, 1884) ; L. von See also:Ranke, Zur deutschen Geschichte vom Religionsfrieden bis zum 3o—jahrigen Kriege (Leipzig, 1888) ; and J. See also:Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volks seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (See also:Freiburg, 1878 seq.), Eng. trans. by M. A. See also:Mitchell and A. M. See also:Christie (See also:London, 1896, seq.).
End of Article: MATTHIAS (1557-1619)
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