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See also:MATTHIAS I ., See also:HUNYADI (1440-1490), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Hungary, also known as Matthias See also:Corvinus, a surname which he received from the See also:raven (corms) on his See also:escutcheon, second son of Janos Hunyadi and See also:Elizabeth Seilagyi, was See also:born at See also:Kolozsvar, probably onthe 23rd of See also:February 1440. His tutors were the learned Janos Vitez, See also:bishop of Nagyvarad, whom he subsequently raised to the primacy, and the See also:Polish humanist See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory Sanocki. The precocious lad quickly mastered the See also:German, Latin and See also:principal See also:Slavonic See also:languages, frequently acting as his See also:father's interpreter at the reception of ambassadors. His military training proceeded under the See also:eye of his father, whom he began to follow on his See also:campaigns when only twelve years of See also:age. In 1453 he was created See also:count of Bistercze, and was knighted at the See also:siege of See also:Bel-grade in 1454. The same care for his welfare led his father to choose him a See also:- BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)
bride in the powerful See also:Cilli See also:family, but the See also:young Elizabeth died before the See also:marriage was consummated, leaving Matthias a widower at the age of fifteen. On the See also:death of his father he was inveigled to Buda by the enemies of his See also:house, and, on the pretext of being concerned in a purely imaginary See also:conspiracy against See also:Ladislaus V., was condemned to decapitation, but was spared on See also:account of his youth, and on the king's death See also:fell into the hands of See also:George See also:Podebrad, See also:governor of Bohemia, the friend of the Hunyadis, in whose interests it was that a See also:national king should sit on the Magyar See also:throne. Podebrad treated Matthias hospitably and affianced him with his daughter See also:Catherine, but still detained him, for safety's See also:sake, in See also:Prague, even after a Magyar deputation had hastened thither to offer the youth the See also:crown. Matthias was the elect of the Hungarian See also:people, gratefully mindful of his father's services to the See also:state and inimical to all See also:foreign candidates; and though an influential See also:section of the magnates, headed by the See also:palatine Laszlo Garai and the See also:voivode of Transylvania, Miklos Ujlaki, who had been concerned in the judicial See also:murder of Matthias's See also:brother Laszlo, and hated the Hunyadis as semi-foreign upstarts, were fiercely opposed to Matthias's See also:election, they were not strong enough to resist the See also:manifest wish of the nation, supported as it was by Matthias's See also:uncle Mihaly Szilagyi at the See also:head of 15,000 veterans. On the 24th of See also:January 1458, 40,000 Hungarian See also:noble-men, assembled on the See also:ice of the frozen See also:Danube, unanimously elected Matthias Hunyadi king of Hungary, and on the 14th of February the new king made his state entry into Buda.
The See also:realm at this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was environed by perils. The See also:Turks and the Venetians threatened it from the See also:south, the See also:emperor See also:Frederick III. from the See also:west, and Casimir IV. of See also:Poland from the See also:north, both Frederick and Casimir claiming the throne. The See also:Czech mercenaries under Giszkra held the See also:northern counties and from thence plundered those in the centre. Meanwhile Matthias's See also:friends had only pacified the hostile dignitaries by engaging to marry the daughter of the palatine Garai to their nominee, whereas Matthias not unnaturally refused to marry into the family of one of his brother's murderers, and on the 9th of February confirmed his previous nuptial See also:contract with the daughter of George Podebrad, who shortly afterwards was elected king of Bohemia (See also:March 2, 1458). Throughout 1458 the struggle between the young king and the magnates, reinforced by Matthias's own uncle and See also:guardian Szilagyi, was acute. But Matthias, who began by deposing Garai and dismissing Szilagyi, and then proceeded to See also:levy a tax, without the See also:con-sent of the See also:Diet, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to hire mercenaries, easily prevailed. Nor did these complications prevent him from recovering the fortress of Galamboc from the Turks, successfully invading See also:Servia, and reasserting the See also:suzerainty of the Hungarian crown over Bosnia. In the following See also:year there was a fresh See also:rebellion, when the emperor Frederick was actually crowned king by the malcontents at See also:Vienna-See also:Neustadt (March 4, 1459); but Matthias drove him out, and See also:Pope See also:Pius II. intervened so as to leave Matthias See also:free to engage in a projected crusade against the Turks, which subsequent See also:political complications, however, rendered impossible. From 1461 to 1465 the career of Matthias was a perpetual struggle punctuated by truces. Having come to an under-See also:standing with his father-in-See also:law Podebrad, he was able to turn his arms against the emperor Frederick, and in See also:April 1462 Frederick restored the See also:holy crown for 6o,000 ducats and was allowed to retain certain Hungarian counties with the See also:title of king; in return for which concessions, extorted from Matthias by the See also:necessity of See also:coping with a simultaneous rebellion of the Magyar noble
in See also:league with Podebrad's son See also:Victorinus, the emperor recognized Matthias as the actual See also:sovereign of Hungary. Only now was Matthias able to turn against the Turks, who were again threatening the See also:southern provinces. He began by defeating See also:Ali See also:Pasha, and then penetrated into Bosnia, and captured the newly built fortress of See also:Jajce after a See also:long and obstinate See also:defence (Dec. 1463). On returning See also:home he was crowned with the holy crown on the 29th of March 1464, and, after See also:driving the Czechs out of his northern counties, turned southwards again, this time recovering all the parts of Bosnia which still remained in See also:Turkish hands.
A political event of the first importance now riveted his See also:attention upon the north. Podebrad, who had gained the throne of Bohemia with the aid of the See also:Hussites and Utraquists, had long been in See also:ill odour at See also:Rome, and in 1465 Pope See also:Paul II. determined to depose the semi-See also:Catholic monarch. All the neighbouring princes, the emperor, Casimir IV. of Poland and Matthias, were commanded in turn to execute the papal See also:decree of deposition, and Matthias gladly placed his See also:army at the disposal of the Holy See. The See also:war began on the 31st of May 1468, but, as See also:early as the 27th of February 1469, Matthias anticipated an See also:alliance between George and Frederick by himself concluding an See also:armistice with the former. On the 3rd of May the Czech Catholics elected Matthias king of Bohemia, but this was contrary to the wishes of both pope and emperor, who preferred to See also:partition Bohemia. But now George discomfited all his enemies by suddenly excluding his own son from the throne in favour of Ladislaus, the eldest son of Casimir IV., thus skilfully enlisting Poland on his See also:side. The sudden death of Podebrad on the 22nd of March 1471 led to fresh complications. At the very moment when Matthias was about to profit by the disappearance of his most capable See also:rival, another dangerous rebellion, headed by the See also:primate and the See also:chief dignitaries of the state, with the See also:object of placing Casimir, son of Casimir IV., on the throne, paralysed Matthias's foreign policy during the See also:critical years 1470-1471. He suppressed this domestic rebellion indeed, but in the mean-time the Poles had invaded the Bohemian domains with 6o,000 men, and when in 1474 Matthias was at last able to take the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field against them in order to raise the siege of See also:Breslau, he was obliged to fortify himself in an entrenched See also:camp, whence he so skilfully harried the enemy that the Poles, impatient to return to their own See also:country, made See also:peace at Breslau (Feb. 1475) on an uli possidetis basis, a peace subsequently confirmed by the See also:congress of See also:Olmutz (See also:July 1479). During the See also:interval between these peaces, Matthias, in self-defence, again made war on the emperor, reducing Frederick to such extremities that he was glad to accept peace on any terms. By the final arrangement made between the contending princes, Matthias recognized Ladislaus as king of Bohemia proper in return for the surrender of See also:Moravia, See also:Silesia and Upper and See also:Lower See also:Lusatia, hitherto component parts of the Czech See also:monarchy, till he should have redeemed them for 400,000 florins.
The emperor promised to pay Matthias 100,000 florins as a war See also:indemnity, and recognized him as the legitimate king of Hungary on the understanding that he should succeed him if he died without male issue, a contingency at this time somewhat improbable, as Matthias, only three years previously (Dec. 15, 1476), had married his third wife, See also:Beatrice of See also:Naples, daughter of See also:Ferdinand of See also:Aragon.
The endless tergiversations and depredations of the emperor speedily induced Matthias to declare war against him for the third time (1481), the Magyar king conquering all the fortresses in Frederick's hereditary domains. Finally, on the 1st of See also:June 1485, at the head of S000 veterans, he made his triumphal -entry into Vienna, which he henceforth made his See also:capital. See also:Styria, See also:Carinthia and See also:Carniola were next subdued, and See also:Trieste was only saved by the intervention of the Venetians. Matthias consolidated his position by alliances with the See also:dukes of See also:Saxony and See also:Bavaria, with the Swiss See also:Confederation, and the See also:archbishop of See also:Salzburg, and was henceforth the greatest potentate in central See also:Europe. His far-reaching See also:hand even extended to See also:Italy. Thus, in 148o, when a Turkish See also:fleet seized See also:Otranto, Matthias, at the See also:earnest solicitation of the pope, sent Balasz Magyar to recoverthe fortress, which surrendered to him on the loth of May 1481. Again in 1488, Matthias took See also:Ancona under his See also:protection for a time and occupied it with a Hungarian See also:garrison.
Though Matthias's policy was so predominantly occidental that he soon abandoned his youthful See also:idea of driving the Turks out of Europe, he at least succeeded in making them respect Hungarian territory. Thus in 1479 a huge Turkish army, on its return home from ravaging Transylvania, was annihilated at Szaszvaros (Oct. 13), and in 1480 Matthias recaptured Jajce, drove the Turks from Servia and erected two new military banates, Jajce and Srebernik, out of reconquered Bosnian territory. On the death of Mahommed II. in 1481, a unique opportunity for the intervention of Europe in Turkish affairs presented itself. A See also:civil war ensued in See also:Turkey between his sons Bayezid and Jem, and the latter, being worsted, fled to the knights of See also:Rhodes, by whom he was kept in custody in See also:France (see BAYEZID II.). Matthias, as the next-See also:door See also:neighbour of the Turks, claimed the custody of so valuable a See also:hostage, and would have used him as a means of extorting concessions from Bayezid. But neither the pope nor the Venetians would hear of such a See also:transfer, and the negotiations on this subject greatly embittered Matthias against the See also:Curia. The last days of Matthias were occupied in endeavouring to secure the See also:succession to the throne for his illegitimate son Janos (see CORVINUS, JANOS); but See also:Queen Beatrice, though childless, fiercely and openly opposed the idea and the See also:matter was still pending when Matthias, who had long been crippled by See also:gout, expired very suddenly on See also:Palm See also:Sunday, the 4th of April 1490.
Matthias Hunyadi was indisputably the greatest See also:man of his See also:day, and one of the greatest monarchs who ever reigned. The precocity and universality of his See also:genius impress one the most. Like See also:Napoleon, with whom he has often been compared, he was equally illustrious as a soldier, a statesman, an orator, a legislator and an See also:administrator. But in all moral qualities the brilliant adventurer of the 15th was infinitely See also:superior to the brilliant adventurer of the 19th See also:century. Though naturally passionate, Matthias's self-See also:control was almost superhuman, and throughout his stormy See also:life, with his innumerable experiences of ingratitude and treachery, he never was guilty of a single cruel or vindictive See also:action. His capacity for See also:work was inexhaustible. Frequently See also:half his nights were spent in See also:reading, after the labour of his most strenuous days. There was no See also:branch of knowledge in which he did not take an absorbing See also:interest, no polite See also:art which he did not cultivate and encourage. His camp was a school of See also:chivalry, his See also:court a nursery of poets and artists. Matthias was a See also:middle-sized, broad-shouldered man of See also:martial bearing, with a large fleshy See also:nose, See also:hair reaching to his heels, and the clean-shaven, heavy chinned See also:face of an early See also:Roman emperor.
See Vilmos Frakn6i, King Matthias Hunyadi (Hung., See also:Budapest, 189o, German ed., See also:Freiburg, 1891); Ignacz Acsady See also:History of the Hungarian Realm (Hung. vol. i., Budapest, 1904); J6zsef Teleki, The Age of the Hunyadis in Hungary (Hung., vols. 3-5, Budapest, 1852–189o); V. Fraknoi Life of Janos Vitez (Hung. Budapest 1879) ; Karl Schober, See also:Die Eroberung Niederosterreichs durch Matthias Corvinus (Vienna, 1879); Janos Huszar, Matthias's See also:Black Army (Hung. Budapest, 189o) ; See also:Antonio Bonfini, Rerum hungaricarum decades (7th ed., See also:Leipzig, 1771); See also:Aeneas Sylvius, See also:Opera (See also:Frankfort, 1707) ; The See also:Correspondence of King Matthias (Hung. and See also:Lat., Budapest, 1893) ; V. Fraknoi, The Embassies of See also:Cardinal See also:Carvajal to Hungary (Hung., Budapest, 1889) ; Marzio Galeotti, De egregie sapienter et jocose dictis ac factis See also:Matthiae regis (Script. reg. hung. I.)
(Vienna, 1746). Of the above the first is the best See also:general See also:sketch and is See also:rich in notes; the second somewhat chauvinistic but excellently written; the third the best work for scholars; the seventh, eighth and See also:eleventh are valuable as being by contemporaries.
(R. N.
End of Article: MATTHIAS I
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