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VICTORINUS, GAIUS MARIUS (4th century...

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 47 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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VICTORINUS, GAIUS MARIUS (4th century A.D.)

VICTORINUS, See also:
GAIUS
GAIUS See also:
MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)
MARIUS (4th See also:
CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)
century A.D.) , See also:

ROMAN

Roman grammarian, rhetorician and neo-Platonic philosopher, an See also:

AFRICAN

African by See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth (whence his surname See also:

AFER, DOMITIUS

Afer), lived during the reign of See also:

CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius II. He taught See also:

RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric at See also:

Rome (one of his pupils being See also:

Jerome), and in his old See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age became a convert to See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity. His See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion is said to have greatly influenced that of See also:

Augustine. When See also:

JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian published an See also:

EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict forbidding Christians to lecture on polite literature, Victorinus closed his school. A statue was erected in his See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour as a teacher in the See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum Trajanum. His See also:

TRANSLATIONS

translations of platonic writers are lost, but the See also:

TREATISE

treatise De Definitionibus (ed. T. Stangl in Tulliana et See also:

MARIO, GIUSEPPE, COUNT OF CANDIA (1810-1883)

Mario-Victoriniana, See also:

MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1888) is probably by him and not by See also:

BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

Boetius, to whom it was formerly attributed. His See also:

MANUAL

manual of See also:

PROSODY (Gr. rpovwSta)

prosody, in four books, taken almost literally from the See also:

WORK

work of See also:

Aphthonius, is extant (H. Keil, Grammatici See also:

LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini, vi.). It is doubtful whether he is the author of certain other extant See also:

TREATISES

treatises attributed to him on metrical and grammatical subjects, which will be found in Keil. His commentary on See also:

CICERO

Cicero's De Inventione (in See also:

HALM, CARL FELIX (18o9-1882)

Halm's Rhetores Latini Minores, 1863) is very diffuse, and is itself in need of commentary.

His extant theological writings, which will be found in J. P. See also:

MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, Cursus Patrologiae Latinae, viii., include commentaries on See also:

GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Galatians, See also:

EPHESIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Ephesians and See also:

PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Philippians; De Trinitate contra Arium; Ad Justinum Manichaeum de See also:

VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

Vera Came Christi; and a little See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on " The Evening and the See also:

MORNING

Morning were one See also:

day " (the genuineness of the last two is doubtful). Some See also:

Christian poems under the name of Victorinus are probably not his. See G. Geiger, C. Marius Victorinus Afer, ein neuplatonischer Philosoph (Metten, 1888) ; G. Koffmann, De Mario Victorino philosopho Christiano (See also:

BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, i88o) ; R. Schmid, Marius Victorinus Rhetor and See also:

seine Beziehungen zu Augustin (See also:

KIEL

Kiel, 1895) ; See also:

Gore in See also:

DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Christian See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography, iv.; M. Schanz, Geschichte der romischen Litteratur, iv. I (1904) ; See also:

TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel, Hist. of Roman Literature (Eng. tr., 1900), 408. See also:

VICTOR-PERRIN, See also:

CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

CLAUDE, See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE of See also:

BELLUNO (anc. Bellunum)

BELLUNO (1764-1841), See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

France, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at La See also:

Marche (See also:

Vosges) on the 7th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1764.

In 1781 he entered the See also:

army as a private soldier, and after ten years' service he received his See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge and settled at See also:

VALENCE

Valence. Soon afterwards he joined the See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

VOLUNTEERS

volunteers, and distinguishing himself in the See also:

war on the Alpine frontier, in less than a See also:

YEAR

year he had risen to the command of a See also:

BATTALION

battalion. For his bravery at the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

TOULON

Toulon in 1993 he was raised to the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

general of See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade. He afterwards served for some See also:

time with the army of the Eastern See also:

PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, and in the See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1996–99 he so acquitted himself at See also:

MONDOVI

Mondovi, Roveredo and See also:

MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua that he, was promoted to be general of See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division. After commanding for some time the forces in the See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of La See also:

Vendee, he was again employed in See also:

Italy, where he did See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service against the papal troops, and he took a very important See also:

PART

part in the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

MARENGO

Marengo. In 1802 he was See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana for a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time, in 1803 he commanded the Batavian army, and afterwards he acted for eighteen months (1805–6) as See also:

French plenipotentiary at See also:

COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen. On the outbreak of hostilities with See also:

Prussia he joined the V. army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps (Marshal See also:

LANNES, JEAN

Lannes) as See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the general See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff. He distinguished himself at See also:

SAALFELD

Saalfeld and See also:

JENA

Jena, and at See also:

FRIEDLAND

Friedland he commanded the I. corps in such a manner that See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon gave him the marshal-See also:

ate. After the See also:

peace of See also:

TILSIT

Tilsit he became governor of See also:

Berlin, and in 1808 he was created duke of Belluno. In the same year he was sent to See also:

Spain, where he took a prominent part in the See also:

PENINSULAR

Peninsular War (especially at Espinosa, Talavera, Barrosa and See also:

Cadiz), until his See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in 1812 to a corps command in the invasion of See also:

Russia. Here his most important service was in protecting the retreating army at the See also:

CROSSING

crossing of the Beresina. He took an active part in the See also:

WARS

wars of 1813–14, till in See also:

FEBRUARY

February of the latter year he had the misfortune to arrive too See also:

LATE

late at See also:

MONTEREAU

Montereau-sur-See also:

YONNE

Yonne.

The result was a See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of violent recrimination and his supersession by the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, who transferred his command to See also:

Gerard. Thus wounded in his amour-propre, Victor now transferred his See also:

ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the See also:

Bourbon See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, and in December 1814 received from See also:

Louis XVIII. the command of the second military division. In 1815 he accompanied the See also:

king to See also:

GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, and on the second restoration he was made a peer of France. He was also See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of a See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission which inquired into the conduct of the See also:

OFFICERS

officers during the See also:

HUNDRED

Hundred Days, and dismissed Napoleon's sympathizers. In 1821 he was appointed war See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and held this See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for two years. In 1830 he was See also:

major-general of the royal guard, and after the revolution of that year he retired altogether into private See also:

LIFE

life. His See also:

DEATH

death took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

Paris on the 1st of See also:

March 1841. His papers for the See also:

period 1793—1800 have been published (Paris, 1846).

End of Article: VICTORINUS, GAIUS MARIUS (4th century A.D.)

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