CICERO , the name of two families of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Cicero spent his boyhood partly in his native See also:

• TOWN

Cicero also, according to Roman practice, received military training. At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

In Rhodes also he studied rhetoric once more under Molo, to whom he ascribes a decisive See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

In 66 B.c. he was See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

In this he was disappointed. They never forgot that he was a " new man," and were jealous of the great house upon the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Brutus,who had business interests in his province), and refused to provide his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

He suffered greatly from family troubles at this period. In 46, his See also:

• PATIENCE

His repose was broken by Caesar's murder on the r5th of March 44, to which he was not a party. On the 17th of March he delivered a speech in the senate urging a general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

Cicero pledged his See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

He was naturally included in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

(c) Orator, dedicated to M. Brutus, sketching a portrait of the perfect and ideal orator, Cicero's last word on oratory. The sum of his conclusion is that the perfect orator must also be a perfect man. Cicero says of this work that he has " concentrated in it all his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

Cicero preferred the cretic -v-, which he says is the metrical See also:

• EQUIVALENT

The basis consists of a cretic or its metrical equivalent.4 This is followed by a cadence trochaic in character, but varying in length. The three favourite forms are (i.) -v--~, (ii.) -v- (iii.) v-t,-sa. These he styles verae (V). Other frequent clausulae, which he terms licitae (L), are those in which a long syllable is resolved, as in verse, into two shorts, e.g. esse vide¢tur. These two classes, V and L, include 86 % of the clausulae in the orations. Some rarer clausulae which he terms M (=malae) introduce no new principle. There remain two interesting forms, viz. S(=selectae), in which a spondee is substituted for a trochee in the cadence, e.g. -v , this being done for special emphasis, and P (= pessimae), where a See also:

• DACTYL (from Gr. S&crvXo , a finger)

1. 21). This is a See also:

• MANUAL

Rhythm was avoided by Caesar who was an Atticist, and by See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

If he was pleased with a speech he then wrote it out for publication. Sometimes he omitted in the written speech a subject on which he had spoken. A See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

26). He thought of defending Catiline, though he says that his See also:

• GUILT

71). In the pro Cluentio, x x x, he contends that nothing is easier than for a new man to rise at Rome. In the pro Caelio he says that Catiline had in him undeveloped germs of the greatest virtues, and that it was the good in him that made him so dangerous (Cad. 12-14). He sometimes deliberately ,puts the case upon a wrong issue. In the pro Milone he says that either Milo must have lain in wait for Clodius or Clodius for Milo, leaving out of sight the truth, that the encounter was due to See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

(See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

1). A See also:

• FINE

12. 3). The political works are de Republica and de Legibus. The first was a dialogue in six books concerning the best form of constitution, in which the speakers are Scipio See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

He has nothing but contempt for the Epicureans, and cannot forgive their neglect of literary style. As Cicero's philosophical writings have been severely attacked for want of originality, it is only See also:

• FAIR

8, that all the cities of the Peloponnese had See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

Porcius Cato sets forth the doctrine of the Stoics which is shown by Cicero to agree with that of Antiochus of Ascalon; in v. M. Pupius Piso explains the views of the Academics and Peripatetics. Tusculanae Disputations, so called from Cicero's villa at See also:

• TUSCULUM

In Book iii. Cotta criticizes the views of Balbus. The statement of the Epicurean doctrine is drawn from the work of Phaedrus IIep2 Bev, the See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

Cicero here draws from a work of Theophrastus on the same subject and from Aristotle. (iv.) Letters.—Those preserved are (I) ad Familiares, i.-xvi.; (2) ad Allicum, i.-xvi.; (3) ad Quintum, i.-iii., ad Brutum, i.-ii. Some thirty-five other books of letters were known to antiquity, e.g. to Caesar, to Pompey, to Octavian and to his son Marcus. The collection includes nearly one See also:

• HUNDRED

Cato labours to express himself in an awkward and laconic See also:

• EPISTLE

It is a feature of the colloquial style and often corresponds to the modern use of " See also:

• SLANG

25. i). Tiro may have obtained from Terentia copies of letters written to her. It has been suggested that he may also have edited the letters to Quintus, as he could obtain them from members of the family. The letters ad Familiares were generally quoted in antiquity by books, the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

At that date they could be published without expurgation of any kind, whereas in the letters ad Familiares the editor's hand is on one occasion (iii. to. II) manifest. Cicero is telling Appius, his predecessor in Cilicia, of the See also:

• MEASURES

The speeches abound in details which may be accepted as See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

It runs as follows: " On the gth I came to Brundisium. Pompey is at Brundisium. He sent Magius to me to treat of,See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

But perhaps the most singular See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

Recent scholars consider them genuine. As their rhythmical structure corresponds more or less exactly with the See also:

• CANON

1-28) draws the libellous statements which he inserts into the speech of Q. Fufius See also:

• CALENUS, QUINTUS FUFIUS

48o-524 upon the Topica. • Among scholiasts may be mentioned the Scholiasta Bobiensis who is assigned to the 5th century; and a pseudo-Asconius, who wrote notes upon the Verrines dealing with points of See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

A good deal of textual criticism must have been devoted to Cicero's works during this period. The earliest critic was Tiro; who, as we know from Aulus (ellius (i.7. I), corrected MSS, which were greatly valued as containing his recension. We hive very interesting See also:

• COLOPHON

5 Philelogus (1886), Suppl. Bd, v. r Jaffe, Bibl. Rer. See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

Dante himself appears to be acquainted only with the Laelius, Cato . Maior, de Off ciis, de Finibu,r, de liwentione and Parµdoxe.. See also:

• PETRARCH (1304-1374)

(Z), generally termed Tornaesianus from its owner, See also:

• JEAN

A palimpsest containing fragments of various orations was recently destroyed by the fire at the Turin library. The works de Oratore and Orator are well represented by ancient MSS., the two best known being one at See also:

• AVRANCHES

387.5 It originally belonged to Cluny, being No. 498 in the old catalogue. It contains in a mutilated form the speeches in Catilinam, pro Ligario, prorege Deiotaro and in See also:

• VET

(W. Petersen). No. 496 in the old catalogue, and now lost. The most faithful transcript was made in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

A MS. in the Paris library (Lat. 6331) is, how-ever, assigned by See also:

• CHATELAIN (Med. Lat. castellanus, from castellum, a castle)

QUINTUS TULLIUS CICERO, brother of the orator and brother-in-law of T. Pomponius Atticus, was born about See also:

• IO2

C. See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

10; text of the De See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

In 45 he was sent to Athens to study rhetoric and philosophy, but abandoned himself to a life of dissipation. It was during his stay at Athens that his father dedicated the de Officiis to him. After the 'murder of Caesar (44) he attracted the notice of Brutus, by whom he was offered the post of military tribune, in which capacity he rendered good service to the republican cause. After the battle of See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

20. 51, iv. 20; Dio Cassius xlv. 15, xlvi. i8, li. 19; Cicero's Letters (ed. Tyrrell and Purser) ; G. Boissier, Cicero and His Friends (Eng. trans., 1897), pp. 104-107. 4. QUINTUS TULLIUS CICERO (e. 67—43 B.C.), son of Quintus Tullius Cicero (brother of the orator). He accompanied his See also:

• UNCLE

After the battle of Pharsalus he joined his father in abusing his uncle as responsible for the condition of affairs, hoping thereby to obtain See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)