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QUINTUS

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Originally appearing in Volume V10, Page 453 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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QUINTUS Funvrus See also:

FLACCUS, son of the first of the See also:family, See also:Marcus, who was See also:consul with Appius See also:Claudius Caudex in 264. He especially distinguished himself during the second Punic See also:War. He was consul four times (237, 224, 212, 209), See also:censor (231) See also:pontifex See also:maximus (216), See also:praetor urbanus (215). During his first consulships he did See also:good service against the Ligurians, Gauls and Insubrians. In 212 he defeated See also:Hanno near Beneventum, and with his colleague Appius Claudius Pulcher .began the See also:siege of See also:Capua. The See also:capture of this See also:place was considered so important that their imperium was prolonged, but on See also:condition that they should not leave Capua until it had been taken. See also:Hannibal's unexpected diversion against See also:Rome interfered with the operations for the moment, but his equally unexpected retirement enabled Flaccus, who had been summoned to Rome to protect the See also:city, to return, and bring the siege to a successful conclusion. He punished the inhabitants with See also:great severity, alleging in excuse that they had shown themselves bitterly hostile to Rome. He was nominated See also:dictator to hold the consular elections at which he was himself elected (209). He was appointed to the command of the See also:army in Lucania and Bruttium, where he crushed all further attempts at See also:rebellion. Nothing further is known of him. The See also:chief authority for his See also:life is the See also:part of See also:Livy dealing with the See also:period (see PUNIC See also:WARS).

His See also:

brother GNAEUS was convicted of See also:gross cowardice against Hannibal near Herdoniae in 210, and went into voluntary See also:exile at See also:Tarquinii. His son, QUINTUS, waged war with See also:signal success against the Celtiberians in 182-181, and the Ligurians in 179. Having vowed to build a See also:temple to See also:Fortuna Equestris, he dismantled the temple of See also:Juno Lacinia in Bruttium of its See also:marble slabs. This See also:theft became known and he was compelled to restore them, though they were never put back in their places. means of See also:history, an See also:idea which was new to See also:France at that See also:time. The Franco-See also:German War engaged See also:Flach's activities in other directions, and he spent two years (described in his Strasbourg aprbs le bombardement, 1873) at See also:work on the rebuilding of the library and the museum, which had been destroyed by Prussian shells. When the time came for him to choose between See also:Germany and France, he settled definitely in See also:Paris, where he completed his scientific training at the Ecole See also:des Chartes and the .See also:cole des Hautes Etudes. Having acted for some time as secretary to Jules Senard, ex-See also:president of the Constituent See also:Assembly, he published an See also:original See also:paper on See also:artistic See also:copyright, but as soon as possible resumed the history of See also:law. In 1879 he became assistant to the jurist Edouard Laboulaye at the See also:College de France, and succeeded him in 1884 in the See also:chair of See also:comparative legislation. Since 1877 he had been See also:professor of comparative law at the See also:free school of the See also:political sciences. To qualify himself for these two positions he had to study the most diverse civilizations, including those of the See also:East and Far East (e.g. See also:Hungary, See also:Russia and See also:Japan) and even the antiquities of Babylonia and other See also:Asiatic countries.

Some of his lectures have been published, particularly those concerning See also:

Ireland: Histoire du regime agraire de l'Irlande (1883); Considerations sur l'histoire politique de l'Irlande (1885); and See also:Jonathan See also:Swift, son See also:action politique en Irlande (1886). His chief efforts, however, were concentrated on the history of See also:ancient See also:French law. A celebrated lawsuit in See also:Alsace, pleaded by his friend and compatriot Ignace Chauffour, aroused his See also:interest by reviving the question of the origin of the feudal See also:laws, and gradually led him to study the formation of those laws and the See also:early growth of the feudal See also:system. His great work, See also:Les Origines de l'ancienne France, was produced slowly. In the first See also:volume, Le Regime seigneurial (1886), he depicts the See also:triumph of See also:individualism and anarchy, showing how, after See also:Charlemagne's great but sterile efforts to restore the See also:Roman principle of See also:sovereignty, the great landowners gradually monopolized the various functions in the See also:state; how society modelled on antiquity disappeared; and how the only living organisms were vassalage and clientship. The second volume, Les Origines communales, la feodalite et la clzevalerie (1893), deals with the reconstruction of society on new bases which took place in the loth and 11th centuries. It explains how the Gallo-Roman See also:villa gave place to the See also:village, with its fortified See also:castle, the See also:residence of the See also:lord; how new towns were formed by the See also:side of old, some of which disappeared; how the townspeople See also:united in corporations; and how the communal See also:bond proved to be a powerful See also:instrument of cohesion. At the same time it traces the See also:birth of See also:feudalism from the germs of the Gallo-Roman See also:personal comitatus; and shows how the bond that united the different parties was the See also:contract of the See also:fief; and how, after a slow growth of three centuries, feudalism was definitely organized in the 12th See also:century. In 1904 appeared the third volume, La See also:Renaissance de Fetal, in which the author describes the efforts of the Capetian See also:kings to reconstruct the See also:power of the Frankish kings over the whole of See also:Gaul; and goes on to show how the See also:clergy, the heirs of the imperial tradition, encouraged this ambition; how the great lords of the See also:kingdom (the " princes," as Flach calls them), whether as See also:allies or foes, pursued the same end; and how, before the See also:close of the 12th century, the Capetian kings were in See also:possession of the See also:organs and the means of action which were to render them so powerful and bring about the early downfall of feudalism. In these three volumes, which appeared at See also:long intervals, the author's theories are not always in See also:complete See also:harmony, nor are they always presented in a very luminous or coherent manner, but they are marked by originality and vigour. Flach gave them a solid basis by the wide range of his researches, utilizing charters and cartularies (published and unpublished), See also:chronicles, lives of See also:saints, and even those dangerous guides, the chansons de geste. He owed little to the historians of feudalism who knew what feudalism was, but not how it came about.

He pursued the same method in his L'Origine de l'habitation et des lieux habites en France (1899), in which he discusses some of the theories circulated by A. Meitzen in Germany and by See also:

Arbois de Jubain-ville in France. Following in the footsteps of the jurist F. C. von See also:Savigny, Flach studied the teaching of law in the See also:middle ages and the Renaissance, and produced See also:Cujas, les glossateurs et les Bartolistes (1883), and Etudes critiques sur l'histoire du See also:droit remain au moyen See also:age, avec textes inedits (189o).

End of Article: QUINTUS

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QUINTUS AURELIUS SYMMACHUS (C. 345–410)

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