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See also:BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH , a See also:town of See also:Bavaria, See also:Germany, See also:district of Upper See also:Franconia, 58 m. by See also:rail N.N.E. from See also:Nuremberg. Pop. (1900) 29,384. In See also:Richard-See also:Wagner-strasse is Wagner's See also:house, with his See also:grave in the See also:garden. See also:Franz See also:Liszt (1811–1886) is buried here, as well as See also:Jean See also:Paul See also:Friedrich See also:Richter, who is commemorated by a See also:monument (1841). His house was in Friedrichstrasse. Most of the buildings are of comparatively See also:modern date, the See also:city having .suffered severely from the See also:Hussites in 1430 and from a conflagration in 1621. There should be mentioned the See also:palace of See also:Duke See also:Alexander of See also:Wurttemberg, the administrative offices, the statue of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Maximilian II. (186o) and the collections of the See also:historical society. Among the ecclesiastical buildings, the Stadt-Pfarrkirche, dating from 1439, and containing the monuments of the See also:mar-See also:graves of Bayreuth, is the most important. Bayreuth is a railway junction and has an active See also:trade, chiefly in See also:grain and horses. It manufactures woollen, See also:linen and See also:cotton goods, See also:leather, See also:delft and other earthenware, and See also:tobacco, and has also several breweries and distilleries.
The See also:village of St Georgen is a suburb to the See also:north-See also:east noted for its See also:marble See also:works; and about 2 M. to the east is the Hermitage, a fanciful See also:building, erected in 1715 by the See also:margrave See also:George See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William (d. 1726), with gardens containing terraces, statues and fountains. Bayreuth was formerly the See also:capital of a principality of the same name, which was annexed in 1791 to the See also:kingdom of See also:Prussia. In 1809 it was ceded by Prussia to See also:France, which kept See also:possession of it till 181o, when it was transferred to Bavaria.
The Wagner See also:Theatre.—Among the many advantages which Wagner gained from his intimacy with See also:Ludwig II., king of Bavaria, not the least was the See also:practical support given to his See also:plan of erecting a theatre for the ideal performance of his own See also:music-dramas. The first plan of building a new theatre for the purpose in See also:Munich itself was rejected, because Wagner rightly See also:felt that the See also:appeal of his advanced works, like the Nibelungen trilogy, would be far stronger if the comparatively small number of See also:people who wished to hear them were removed from the distractions of a large capital; Bayreuth possessed the desired seclusion, being on a See also:line of railway that could not be approached from any See also:quarter without changing. The See also:municipality furthered Wagner's See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme in every way, and in May 1872 the See also:foundation See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone of the Festspielhaus was laid, the event being commemorated by a notable performance of See also:Beethoven's Choral See also:Symphony in the old See also:opera-house. The funds for the erection of the theatre were raised in See also:part by the issue of woo certificates of patronage (Patronatsscheine), but the bulk of the sum was raised by See also:founding " Wagner See also:Societies " from St See also:Petersburg to See also:Cairo, from See also:London to New See also:York; these societies sprang up with such success that the theatre was opened in the summer of 1896 with the first See also:complete performance of Der See also:Ring See also:des Nibelungen. The theatre, which stands on a height a little under a mile from the town, is built from the plans of Gustav See also:Semper, the See also:idea of the See also:design being Wagner's own, an experiment indeed, but one which succeeded beyond all expectation. The seats are arranged on a See also:kind of sloping See also:- WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li
wedge, in such a manner that every one has an almost equally See also:good view of the See also:stage, for there are no boxes, and the only galleries are quiteat the back, one, the Fiirstenloge, being reserved for distinguished guests, the other, above it, for the townspeople. Immediately in front of the foremost See also:row of seats a See also:hood or sloping See also:screen of See also:wood covers a part of the See also:orchestra, and another hood of similar shape starts from the front of the stage at a slightly See also:lower level. Thus there is See also:left a space between the two hoods through which the See also:sound of the orchestra ascends with wonder-fully blended effect; the conductor, sitting at the highest point of the orchestra, though under the screen, has a complete view of the stage as well as of his instrumentalists, and the sound of the orchestra is sent most forcibly in the direction of the stage, so that the voices are always well supported.
As an important addition to the See also:work of the theatre, a permanent school has been established at Bayreuth for the See also:sake of training See also:young musicians to take part in the festival performances, which were at first exclusively, and then partially, undertaken by artists from other See also:German and See also:foreign theatres. The See also:special feature upon which most stress has been laid. ever since Wagner's See also:death in 1883, has been not so much the musical as the dramatic significance of the works; it is contended by the inmost circle of Wagnerian adherents that none but they can fully realize the See also:master's intentions or See also:hand down his traditions. What is called the " Bayreuth Idea " is set forth in much detail from this point of view by See also:Houston See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
Stewart See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
Chamberlain, in his Richard Wagner (1899 and 190o).
End of Article: BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH
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