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HOUSTON

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 829 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HOUSTON , a See also:

city and the See also:county-seat of See also:Harris county, See also:Texas, U.S.A., at the See also:head of deep-See also:sea See also:navigation on See also:Buffalo See also:Bayou, a tributary of See also:Galveston See also:Bay, 5o M. N.W. of Galveston, and about 325 M. W. of New See also:Orleans. Pop. (188o) 16,513; (1890) 27,557; (1900) 44,633, of whom 4415 were See also:foreign-See also:born and 14,6o8 were negroes; (29ro See also:census) 78,800. The See also:land See also:area in 1906 was 16•o2 sq. m.; in 1908, about 20 sq. m. It is served by the Galveston, See also:Harrisburg & See also:San See also:Antonio (See also:Southern Pacific), the Galveston, Houston & See also:Henderson, the Gulf, See also:Colorado & See also:Santa Fe, the Houston & Texas Central (Southern Pacific), the Houston, See also:East & See also:West Texas, the See also:International & See also:Great See also:Northern, the See also:Missouri, See also:Kansas & Texas, the San Antonio & Aransas Pass, the Trinity & Brazos Valley, the St See also:Louis, See also:Brownsville & See also:Mexico, the Texas & New Orleans, and the Houston See also:Belt & Terminal See also:railways, several of which have their headquarters at Houston. The Federal See also:government has greatly improved the natural channel from the city to the Gulf of Mexico, straightening, widening and deepening it to a See also:depth of 25 ft. for the entire distance from the Galveston jetties to the Houston turning See also:basin—where the See also:municipality has constructed See also:free municipal wharves. The city occupies an unusually See also:fine site on both sides of the Buffalo Bayou. Among the See also:principal buildings are a See also:Carnegie library, the Houston See also:Lyceum, the Federal See also:building, the Masonic See also:temple, the city high school, the city See also:hall and See also:market See also:house, the Harris County See also:Court House, the See also:Cotton See also:Exchange, and the First and Commercial See also:National See also:banks. Houston is the seat of the Texas Dental See also:College, of St See also:Thomas College (1903), and of the Houston, See also:Annunciation and St See also:Agnes See also:academies; and the will (1901) of See also:William See also:Marsh See also:Rice provided an endowment (valued in 1908 at about $7,000,000) for the William M. Rice See also:Institute for the See also:Advancement of Literature, See also:Science and See also:Art, of which Dr See also:Edgar Odell Lovett, formerly See also:professor of See also:mathematics (19oo-19o5) and of See also:astronomy (1905-1908) in See also:Princeton University, was made See also:president in 1908.

The city is the most important railway and See also:

shipping centre of See also:South Texas, and has a large See also:trade in cotton (the receipts for the See also:year ending Aug. 31, 1907 being 2,967,J35 See also:bales), cotton-See also:seed oil, See also:sugar, rice,l See also:lumber and citrus fruits. Houston is important also as a manufacturing centre, its factory product being valued at $13,564,019 in 1905, an increase of 81% over the factory product in 1900. There are extensive railway See also:car-shops, cotton-seed oil, See also:petroleum and sugar refineries, cotton gins and compresses, See also:steel See also:rolling See also:mills, car-See also:wheel factories, See also:boiler, See also:pump and See also:engine See also:works, See also:flour mills, rice mills and a rice elevator, breweries, planing and saw-mills, See also:pencil factories, and See also:brick and See also:tile factories. Its proximity to the Texas oil See also:fields gives the city a cheap factory See also:fuel. The assessed valuation of taxable See also:property in the city increased from $27,480,898 in 'goo to $51,513,615 in 1908. The No-Tsu Oh See also:Carnival See also:week each See also:November is a distinctive feature of the city. Houston, like Galveston, adopted in 1905 a very successful See also:system of municipal government by See also:commission, a commission of five (one of whom acts as See also:mayor) being elected biennially and having both executive and legislative See also:powers. The waterworks are owned and operated by the municipality, which greatly improved them from the city's surplus under the first two years of government by commission. In 1908 extensive improvements in paving, drainage and See also:sewerage were under-taken by the city. The See also:payment of an See also:annual See also:poll-tax of $2.50 is a prerequisite to voting. Houston was settled and laid out in 1836, and was named in See also:honour of See also:General Sam Houston, whose See also:home in See also:Caroline See also:Street was See also:standing in 1908.

In 1837–1839 and in 1842–1845 Houston was the See also:

capital of the See also:Republic of Texas. About 15 m. E.S.E. of the city is the battleground of San Jacinto, which was bought by the See also:state in 1906 for a public memorial See also:park.

End of Article: HOUSTON

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