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long and 11 to 3.1 M. wide, lying from 2 to 3 M. off the mainland. The city, which extends across the island from Gulf to Bay, faces and has its See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour on the latter. The island was connected with the mainland before the 1900 See also:

storm by a road See also:

BRIDGE

bridge and several railway See also:

bridges, which, a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance W. of the city, crossed the narrow strip of See also:

WATER

water separating the See also:

West Bay from Galveston Bay proper; the bridge least harmed (a single-track railway bridge) was repaired immediately and was for a See also:

time the city's only connexion with the mainland, but in 1908 bonds were issued for See also:

BUILDING

building a See also:

concrete See also:

CAUSEWAY

causeway, accommodating four railway tracks, one interurban See also:

CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car track, and a roadway for vehicles and pedestrians. An enormous See also:

sea-See also:

wall (completed in 1904 at a cost of $2,091,000) was constructed on the eastern and Gulf sides of the city, about 5 M. long, 17 ft. above mean low See also:

TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide (1.5 ft. above the high-water See also:

mark of the storm of 1900 and 7.5 ft. above the previous high-water mark, that of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1875), 16 ft. wide at the See also:

BASE

base and 5 ft. at the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, weighing 20 tons to the lineal See also:

FOOT

foot, and with a See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite rip-See also:

rap See also:

APRON (a corruption arising from a wrong division of " a napron " into " an apron," from the Fr. naperon, napperon, a diminutive of nappe, Lat. mappa, a napkin)

apron extending out 27 ft. on the Gulf See also:

side. The entire grade of the city was raised from r to 15 ft. above the old level.

Between the sea-wall and the sea there is a splendid See also:

BEACH

beach, the entire length of which is nearly 30 M. Among the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal buildings are the city See also:

hall, the See also:

court-See also:

house, the masonic See also:

temple, the Federal See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-house and See also:

POST

post-See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, the Y.M.C.A. building and the public library. The United States See also:

government maintains a marine See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, a live-saving station, an immigrant landing station, and the See also:

state and the Federal government See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine stations. In addition to the See also:

Ball public high school, Galveston is the seat of St See also:

Mary's University (1854), the Sacred See also:

Heart and Ursuline See also:

ACADEMIES

academies, and the See also:

CATHEDRAL

Cathedral school, all under See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control. The government of the See also:

MUNICIPALITY

municipality was long vested in a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

ward aldermen, controlled by a " See also:

machine," which was proved corrupt in 1894 by an investigation undertaken at the See also:

PERSONAL

personal expense of the See also:

mayor; it gave See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in 1895 to a city council of aldermen at large, which by See also:

root had proved its inefficiency especially in the crisis following the storm of the preceding See also:

YEAR

year. Government then seemed a business question and was practically undertaken by the city's commercial experts, the Deepwater See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, whose previous aim had been harbour improvement, and who now See also:

drew up a See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter providing for government by a See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of five appointed by the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the state. A See also:

COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise measure making three members appointees gent See also:

GALVANOMETER

Galvanometer. of the governor and two elected by the voters of the city was in force for a time but was declared unconstitutional. A third charter was adopted providing for five commissioners, chosen by the See also:

PEOPLE

people, dividing among themselves the pests of mayor-See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president and commissioners of See also:

FINANCE

finance and See also:

revenue, of water-See also:

WORKS

works and See also:

SEWERAGE

sewerage, of streets and public See also:

PROPERTY

property, and of See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police and See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire See also:

PROTECTION

protection, each See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner being held individually responsible for the management of his See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department. These are business departments carefully systematized by their heads. The legislative See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is vested in the commission as a whole, over whose meetings the mayor-president presides; he has a See also:

VOTE

vote like every other commissioner, and has no See also:

VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto power. The success of this commission government has been remarkable: in 1901–1908 the city, without issuing bonds except for grade raising, paid off a large See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, raised the salaries of city employees, paid its See also:

RUNNING

running expenses in See also:

CASH

cash, planned and began public improvements and sanitary reforms, and did much for the abolition of gambling and the regulation of other See also:

VICE

vice.

The Galveston See also:

Plan and similar schemes of government have been adopted in many other See also:

AMERICAN

American cities. Galveston's manufactories, the products of which in 1900 were valued at $5,016,360, a decrease of 12'4% from 18go (value of products under " factory See also:

SYSTEM

system," $3,675,323 in 1900; $2,996,654 in 1905, a decrease of 18.5%), include See also:

cotton-See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed oil refineries, See also:

FLOUR

flour and feed See also:

mills, See also:

LUMBER

lumber mills, wooden-See also:

WARE

ware factories, breweries, See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement works, creosoting works, See also:

SHIP

ship-yards and See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice factories. There are extensive cotton warehouses, See also:

COAL

coal and See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain See also:

ELEVATORS, LIFTS

elevators, and large wholesale See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply depots. The Gulf See also:

FISHERIES

Fisheries See also:

COMPANY

Company has its See also:

FLEET

fleet's headquarters and large packing-houses at Galveston. It is as a commercial port that Galveston is chiefly important. In 1907 it was the second port in the United States in the value of its exports (domestic and foreign, $196,627,382, or 10.22% of the See also:

TOTAL

total), being surpassed only by New See also:

York City; and was the first of the Gulf ports (having 45'43% of the total value), New Orleans being second with $164,998,540. Galveston's imports in 1907 were valued at $7,669,458. Galveston is the greatest cotton-exporting port in the See also:

Union, its exports of cotton in 1907 being valued at $163,564,445. Other exports of great value are cotton seed See also:

pro-ducts (oil and cake, $10,188,594 in 1907), See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

corn ($3,457,279 in 1907), See also:

wheat ($9,443,901 in 1906), lumber and flour. The electric See also:

LIGHTING

lighting and water-supply systems are owned and operated by the municipality. The harbour of Galveston seems to have been named about 1782 by See also:

SPANISH

Spanish explorers in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour either of Jose de Galvez, See also:

MARQUIS

Marquis of Sonora, or his See also:

NEPHEW

nephew Bernardo, governor of See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana; and in the See also:

early days of the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century was the principal See also:

RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous of a powerful See also:

BAND

band of See also:

BUCCANEERS

buccaneers and pirates, of whom, for many years, the notorious See also:

JEAN

Jean Lafitte was See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief. After much difficulty these were finally dispersed about 182o by the United States authorities, and in 1837 the first See also:

settlement from the United States was made on the site of the See also:

PRESENT

present city.

The See also:

TOWN

town was incorporated by the legislature of the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic of Texas in 1839. On the 8th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1862 the city was taken by a Federal See also:

NAVAL

naval force under See also:

COMMANDER

Commander See also:

William B. Renshaw (1816–1863). After a See also:

sharp engagement a Confederate force under See also:

General See also:

John B. Magruder (1810–1871) retook the city on the 1st of See also:

JANUARY

January 1863, one of the Federal See also:

SHIPS

ships, the " Harriet See also:

Lane," falling into Confederate hands, and another, the "West-See also:

field," being blown up with Commander Renshaw on board. Thereafter Galveston remained in Confederate hands, although rigidly blockaded by the Federal See also:

NAVY

navy, until the See also:

close of the See also:

war. On the 8th of September 190o the city was seriously damaged by a West Indian See also:

HURRICANE

hurricane, which, blowing steadily for eighteen See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, reached a velocity of 135 M. an See also:

HOUR

hour. The See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Gulf were piled up in enormous waves that swept across a large See also:

PART

part of the city, destroying or badly damaging more than 8000 buildings, entailing a loss of about 5000 lives, and a property loss estimated at about $17,000,000. Liberal contributions came from all over the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and the state partially remitted the city's taxes for 17 years. The city was rapidly rebuilt on a more substantial plan.

End of Article: GALVESTON

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