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DORIANS

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Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 428 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DORIANS , a name applied by the Greeks to one of the See also:

principal See also:groups of Hellenic peoples, in contradistinction to See also:Ionians and Aeolians. In Hellenic times a small See also:district known as See also:Doris in See also:north See also:Greece, between See also:Mount See also:Parnassus and Mount See also:Oeta, counted as " Dorian " in a See also:special sense. Practically all Peloponnese, except See also:Achaea and See also:Elis, was " Dorian," together with See also:Megara, See also:Aegina, See also:Crete, Melos, See also:Thera, the See also:Sporades Islands and the S.W. See also:coast of See also:Asia See also:Minor, where See also:Rhodes, See also:Cos, See also:Cnidus and (formerly) See also:Halicarnassus formed a " Dorian " confederacy. " Dorian " colonies, from See also:Corinth, Megara, and the Dorian islands, occupied the See also:southern coasts of See also:Sicily from See also:Syracuse to See also:Selinus. Dorian states usually had in See also:common the " Doric " See also:dialect, a See also:peculiar See also:calendar and See also:cycle of festivals of which the Hyacinthia and Carneia were the See also:chief, and certain See also:political and social institutions, such as the threefold " Dorian tribes." The worships of See also:Apollo and Heracles, though not confined to Dorians, were widely regarded as in some sense " Dorian " in See also:character. But those common characters are not to be pressed too far. The See also:northern Doris, for example, spoke Aeolic, while Elis, See also:Phocis, and many non-Dorian districts of north-See also:west Greece spoke dialects akin to Doric. Many Dorian states had additional " non-Dorian tribes "; See also:Sparta, which claimed to be of pure and typical Dorian origin, maintained institutions and a mode of See also:life which were without parallel in Peloponnese, in the Parnassian and in the See also:Asiatic Doris, and were partially reflected in Crete only. Most non-Dorian Greeks, in fact, seem to have accepted much as Dorian which was in fact only Spartan: this was particularly the See also:case in the political, ethical and aesthetic controversies of the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. Much, however, which was common (in See also:art, for example) to See also:Olympia, Argolis and Aegina, and might thus have been regarded as Dorian, was conspicuously absent from the culture of Sparta. Traditional See also:History.—In the diagrammatic See also:family See also:tree of the See also:Greek See also:people, as it appears in the Hesiodic See also:catalogue (6th See also:century) and in See also:Hellanicus (5th century), the " sons of Hellen " are Dorus, Xuthus (See also:father of See also:Ion and Achaeus) and See also:Aeolus. Dorus' See also:share of the See also:inheritance of Hellen See also:lay in central Greece, north of the Corinthian Gulf, between Xuthus in north Peloponnese and Aeolus in See also:Thessaly.

His descendants, either under Dorus or under a later See also:

king Aegimius, occupied Histiaeotis, a district of northern Thessaly, and afterwards conquered from the Dryopes the See also:head-See also:waters of the Boeotian Cephissus between Mount Parnassus and Mount Oeta. This became " Doris " See also:par excellence. Services rendered to Aegimius by Heracles led (1) to the See also:adoption of Hyllus, son of Heracles, by Aegimius, See also:side by side with his own sons Dymas and Pamphylus, and to a threefold grouping of the Dorian clans, as Hylleis, Dymanes and Pamphyli; (2) to the association of the people of Aegimius in the repeated attempts of Hyllus and his family to recover their lost inheritance in Peloponnese- (see See also:HERACLIDAE). The last of these attempts resulted in the " Dorian See also:conquest " of the See also:Achaeans " and " Ionians " of Peloponnese, and in the See also:assignment of Argolis, See also:Laconia and See also:Messenia to the Heracleid leaders, Temenus, See also:Aristodemus and Cresphontes respectively; of Elis to their Aetolian See also:allies; and of the north coast to the remnants of the conquered Achaeans. The conquest of Corinth and Megara was placed a See also:generation later: See also:Arcadia alone claimed to have escaped invasion. This conquest was dated relatively by See also:Thucydides (i. 12) at eighty years after the Trojan See also:War and twenty years after the conquest of Thessaly and See also:Boeotia by the similar " invaders from See also:Arne "; absolutely by Hellanicus and his school (5th century) at 1149 s.c.; by Isocrates and See also:Ephorus (4th century B.C.) at about logo B.C.; and, by Sosibius, Eratosthenes (3rd century), and later writers generally, at the generations from 1125 to 1100 B.C. The invasion was commonly believed to have proceeded by way of See also:Aetolia and Elis, and the name See also:Naupactus was interpreted as an allusion to the needful " See also:shipbuilding " on the Corinthian Gulf. One See also:legend made Dorus himself originally an Aetolian See also:prince; the participation of Oxylus, and the Aetolian claim to Elis, appear first in Ephorus (4th century). The conquest of Laconia at least is represented in 5th-century tradition as immediate and See also:complete, though one legend admits the previous See also:death of the Heracleid See also:leader Aristodemus, and another describes a protracted struggle in the case of Corinth. See also:Pausanias, however (following Sosibius), interprets a See also:long See also:series of conflicts in Arcadia as stages in a See also:gradual advance southward, ending with the conquest of Amyclae by King Teleclus (c. 800 B.C.) and of Helos by King See also:Alcamenes (c.

770 B.C.). Of the invasion of Argolis a quite different version was already current in the 4th century. This represents the Argive Dorians as having come by See also:

sea (apparently from the Maliac Gulf, the nearest seashore to Parnassian Doris), accompanied by survivors of the Dryopes (former inhabitants of that Doris), whose traces in See also:south See also:Euboea (Styra and Carystus), in Cythnus, and at Eion (Halieis), Hermione and Asine in Argolis, were held to indicate their probable route. The Homeric Dorians of Crete were also interpreted by See also:Andron and others (3rd century) as an advance-guard of this sea-See also:borne See also:migration, and as having separated from the other Dorians while still in Histiaeotis. The 5th-century tradition that the Heracleid See also:kings of Macedon were Temenid exiles from See also:Argos may belong to the same cycle. The See also:fate of the Dorian invaders was represented as differing locally. In Messenia (according to a legend dramatized by See also:Euripides in the 5th century, and renovated for political ends in the 4th century) the descendants of Cresphontes quarrelled among themselves and were exterminated by the natives. In Laconia Aristodemus (or his twin sons) effected a rigid military occupation which eventually embraced the whole district, and permitted (a) the colonization of Melos, Thera and parts of Crete (before 800 B.c.), (b) the reconquest and See also:annexation of Messenia (about 750 s.c.), (c) a See also:settlement of See also:half-breed Spartans at See also:Tarentum in south See also:Italy, 700 B.C. In Argos and other cities of Argolis the descendants of the Achaean chiefs were taken into political See also:partnership, but a tradition of See also:race-See also:feud lasted till historic times. Corinth, See also:Sicyon and Megara, with similar political compromises, See also:mark the limits of Dorian conquest; a Dorian invasion of See also:Attica (c. 1o66 B.C.) was checked by the self-See also:sacrifice of King See also:Codrus: "Either See also:Athens must perish or her king." Aegina was reckoned a See also:colony of See also:Epidaurus. Rhodes, and some Cretan towns, traced descent from Argos; Cnidus from Argos and Sparta; the See also:rest of Asiatic Doris from Epidaurus or Troezen in Argolis.

The colonies of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara, and the Sicilian offshoots of the Asiatic Dorians, belong to historic times (8th–6th centuries). See also:

Criticism of the Traditional History.—The following are the problems: (r) Was there a Dorian invasion as described in the legends; and, if not, how did the tradition arise? (2) Who were the Dorian invaders, and in what relation did they stand to the rest 'f the See also:population of Greece? (3) How far do the Dorianstates, or their characteristics, represent the descendants, or the culture, of the See also:original invaders? The Homeric poems (12th-Toth centuries) know of Dorians only in Crete, with the obscure epithet TptxaiKEs, and no hint of their origin. All those parts of Peloponnese and the islands which in historic times were " Dorian " are ruled by recently established dynasties of Achaean " chiefs; the See also:home of the Asiatic Dorians is simply " See also:Caria "; and the See also:geographical "catalogue" in Iliad ii. ignores the northern Doris altogether. The almost See also:total See also:absence from See also:Homer not only of" Dorians " but of " Ionians " and even of " Hellenes " leads to the conclusion that the diagrammatic See also:genealogy of the" sons of Hellen " is of See also:post-Homeric date; and that it originated as an See also:attempt to classify the Doric, Ionic and Aeolic groups of Hellenic settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor, for here alone do the three names correspond to territorial, linguistic and political divisions. The addition of an " Achaean " See also:group, and the inclusion of this and the Ionic group under a single generic name, would naturally follow the recognition of the real kinship of the " Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia with those of See also:Ionia. But the attempt to interpret, in terms of this Asiatic See also:diagram, the actual See also:distribution of dialects and peoples in See also:European Greece, led to difficulties. Here, in the 8th–6th centuries, all the Dorian states were in the hands of exclusive aristocracies, which presented a marked contrast to the subject populations. Since the kinship of the latter with the members of adjacent non-Dorian states was admitted, two different explanations' seem to have been made, (1) on behalf of the non-Dorian populations, either that the Dorians were no true sons of Hellen, but were of some other northerly ancestry; or that they were merely Achaean exiles; and in either case that their historic predominance resulted from an See also:act of violence, See also:ill-disguised by their association with the See also:ancient claims of the Peloponnesian Heraclidae; (2) on behalf of the Dorian aristocracies, that they were in some special sense " sons of Hellen," if not the only genuine Hellenes; the rest of the European Greeks, and in particular the See also:anti-Dorian Athenians (with their marked likeness to Ionians), being regarded as Hellenized barbarians of " Pelasgian'*origin (see See also:PELASGIANS). This See also:process of Hellenization, or at least its final See also:stage, was further regarded as intimately connected with a See also:movement of peoples which had brought the " Dorians " from the northern See also:highlands into those parts of Greece which they occupied in historic times.

So long as the Homeric poems were believed to represent Hellenic (and mainly Ionian) beliefs of the 9th century or later, the See also:

historical value of the traditions of a Dorian invasion was repeatedly questioned; most recently and thoroughly by J. Beloch (Gr. Geschichte, i., See also:Strassburg, 1893), as being simply an attempt to reconcile the political See also:geography of Homer (i.e. of 8th-century Ionians describing 12th-century events) with that of historic Greece, by explaining discrepancies (due to Homeric See also:ignorance) as the result of " migrations " in the See also:interval. Such legends often arise to connect towns bearing identical or similar names (such as are common in Greece) and to justify political events or ambitions by legendary precedents; and this certainly happened during the successive political rivalries of Dorian Sparta with non-Dorian Athens and See also:Thebes. But in proportion as an earlier date has become more probable for Homer, the See also:hypothesis of Ionic origin has become less tenable, and the belief better founded (1) that the poems represent accurately a well-defined phase of culture in prehistoric Greece, and (2) that this " Homeric " or " Achaean " phase was closed by some such See also:general See also:catastrophe as is presumed by the legends. The legend of a Dorian invasion appears first in See also:Tyrtaeus, a 7th-century poet, in the service of Sparta, who brings the Spartan Heracleids to Peloponnese from Erineon in the northern Doris; and the lost Epic of Aegimius, of about the same date, seems to have presupposed the same See also:story. In the 5th century See also:Pindar ascribes to Aegimius the institutions of the Peloponnesian Dorians, and describes them as the " Dorian folk of Hyilus and Aegimius," and as " originating from See also:Pindus " (Pyth. v. 75: cf. Fr. 4). See also:Herodotus, also in the 5th century, describes them as the typical (perhaps in contrast to Athenians as the only genuine) Hellenes, and traces their numerous wanderings from (1) an original home " in See also:Deucalion's See also:time " in Phthiotis (the Homeric " Hellas ") in south Thessaly, to (2) Histiaeotis " below See also:Ossa and See also:Olympus " in north-See also:east Thessaly (See also:note that the historic Histiaeotis is " below Pindus " in north-west Thessaly) : this was " in the days of Dorus," i.e. it is at this stage that the Dorians are regarded as becoming specifically distinct from the generic " Hellene ": thence (3) to a See also:residence " in Pindus," where they passed as a " Macedonian people." Hence (4) they moved south to the Parnassian Doris, which had been held by Dryopes: and hence finally (5) to Peloponnese. Elsewhere he assigns the See also:expulsion of the Dryopes to Heracles in co-operation not with Dorians but with Malian.

Here clearly two traditions are combined:—one, in which the Dorians originated from Hellas in south Thessaly, and so are " See also:

children of Kellen "; another, in which they were a " Macedonian people "intruded from the north, from Pindus, past Histiaeotis to Doris and beyond. It is a note-worthy coincidence that in See also:Macedonia also the royal family claimed Heracleid descent; and that " Pindus " is the name both of the mountains above Histiaeotis and of a stream in Doris. It is noteworthy also that later writers (e.g. Andron in See also:Strabo 475) derived the Cretan Dorians of Homer from those of Histiaeotis, and that other legends connected Cretan peoples and places with certain districts of Macedon. Thucydides agrees in regarding the Parnassian Doris as the " See also:mother-See also:state of the Dorians (i. 107) and See also:dates the invasion (as above) eighty years after the Trojan War; this agrees approximately with the See also:pedigree of the kings of Sparta, as given by Herodotus, and with that of Hecataeus of See also:Miletus (considered as See also:evidence for the See also:foundation date of an Ionian refugee-colony). Thucydides also accepts the story of Heracleid leadership. The legend of an organized See also:apportionment of Peloponnese amongst the Heracleid leaders appears first in the 5th-century tragedians,—not earlier, that is, than the rise of the Peloponnesian See also:League,—and was amplified in the 4th century; the Aetolians' aid, and claim to Elis, appear first in Ephorus. The numerous details and variant legends preserved by later writers; particularly Strabo and Pausanias, may go hack to See also:early See also:sources (e.g. Herodotus distinguished the " See also:local " from the" poetic " versions of events in early Spartan history);• but much seems' to be referable to Ephorus and the 4th-century political and rhetorical historians: e.g. the enlarged version of the Heracleid claims in Isocrates (Archidamus, 120) and the theory that the Dorians were See also:mere disowned Achaeans (See also:Plato, See also:Laws, 3). Moreover, many See also:independent considerations suggest that in its See also:main outlines the Dorian invasion is historical. The Doric Dialects.—These dialects have strongly marked features in common (future in -See also:crew -craw -oLJ; 1st pers. plur. in -me; See also:Kit for av; -ae -an = i'7), but differ more among themselves than do the Ionic.

Laconia with its colonies (including those in south Italy) See also:

form a clear group, in which -e and -o lengthen to -n and -co as in Aeolic. Corinth (with its Sicilian colonies), the Argolid towns, and the Asiatic Doris, form another group, in which -e and -o become -a and -ov as in Ionic. Connected with the latter (e.g. by -a and -ov) are the" northern" group: Phocis, including See also:Delphi, with Aetolia, See also:Acarnania, See also:Epirus and Phthiotis in south Thessaly. But these have also some forms in common with the " Aeolic " dialect of Boectia and Thessaly, which in historic times was spoken also in Doris; Locris and Elis See also:present similar northern " Achaean-Doric" dialects. Arcadia, on the other See also:hand, in the See also:heart of Peloponnese, retained till a See also:late date a quite different dialect, akin to the ancient dialect of See also:Cyprus, and more remotely to Aeolic. This distribution makes it clear (1) that the Doric dialects of Peloponnese represent a superstratum, more See also:recent than the speech of Arcadia; (2) that Laconia and its colonies preserve features alike, -n and -w which are common to southern Doric and Aeolic; (3) that those parts of " Dorian Greece in which tradition makes the pre-Dorian population " Ionic," and in which the political structure shows that the conquered were less completely subjugated, exhibit the Ionic -See also:ea and -ov; (4) that aswe go north, similar though more barbaric dialects extend far up the western side of central-northern Greece, and survive also locally in the highlands of south Thessaly; (5) that east of the See also:watershed Aeolic has prevailed over the See also:area which has legends of a Boeotian and Thessalian migration, and replaces Doric in the northern Doris. All this points on the one hand to an intrusion of Doric dialect into an' Arcadian-and-Ionic-speaking area; on the other hand to a subsequent expansion of Aeolic over the north-eastern edge of an area which once was Dorian. But this distribution does not by itself prove that Doric speech was the See also:language of the Dorian invaders. Its area coincides also approximately with that of the previous Achaean conquests; and if the Dorians were as backward culturally as traditions and See also:archaeology suggest, it is not improbable that they soon adopted the language of the conquered, as the See also:Norman conquerors did in See also:England. As evidence of an intrusion of northerly folk, however, the distribution of dialects remains important. See GREEK LANGUAGE. The common calendar and cycle of festivals, observed by all Dorians (of which the Carneia was chief), and the distribution in Greece of the worships of Apollo and Heracles, which attained pre-See also:eminence mainly in or near districts historically " Dorian," suggest that these cults, or an important See also:element in them, were introduced comparatively late, and represent the beliefs of a fresh ethnic superstratum.

The steady dependence of Sparta on the Delphic See also:

oracle, for example, is best explained as an observance inherited from Parnassian ancestors. The social and political structure of the Dorian states of Peloponnese presupposes likewise a conquest of an older highly civilized population by small bands of comparatively barbarous raiders. Sparta in particular remained, even after the reforms of See also:Lycurgus, and on into historic times, simply the isolated See also:camp of a compact See also:army of occupation, of some 5000 families, bearing traces still of the See also:fusion of several bands of invaders, and maintained as an exclusive political See also:aristocracy of professional soldiers by the labour of a whole population of agricultural and See also:industrial See also:serfs. The serfs were rigidly debarred from intermixture or social See also:advancement, and were watched by their masters with a suspicion fully justified by recurrent ineffectual revolts. The other states, such as Argos and Corinth, exhibited just such compromises between conquerors and conquered as the legends described, conceding to the older population, or to sections of it, political See also:incorporation more or less incomplete. The Cretan cities, irrespective of origin, exhibit serfage, militant aristocracy, rigid See also:martial discipline of all citizens, and other marked analogies with Sparta; but the Asiatic Dorians and the other Dorian colonies do not differ appreciably in their social and political history from their Ionian and Aeolic neighbours. Tarentum alone, partly from Spartan origin, partly through stress of local conditions, shows traces of militant See also:asceticism for a while. Archaeological evidence points clearly now to the conclusion that the splendid but overgrown See also:civilization of the Mycenaean or " late Minoan " See also:period of the See also:Aegean See also:Bronze See also:Age collapsed rather suddenly before a rapid See also:succession of assaults by comparatively barbarous invaders from the European mainland north of the Aegean; that these invaders passed partly by way of See also:Thrace and the See also:Hellespont into Asia Minor, partly by Macedon and Thessaly into See also:peninsular Greece and the Aegean islands; that in east Peloponnese and Crete, at all events, a first See also:shock (somewhat later than 15o0 B.C.) led to the See also:establishment of a cultural, social and political situation which in many respects resembles what is depicted in Homer as the " Achaean " age, with principal centres in Rhodes, Crete, Laconia, Argolis, Attica, See also:Orchomenus and south-east Thessaly; and that this regime was itself shattered by a second shock or series of shocks somewhat earlier than r000 B.C. These latter events correspond in character and date with the traditional irruption of the Dorians and their associates. The See also:nationality of these invaders is disputed. Survival of See also:fair See also:hair and complexion and See also:light eyes among the upper classes in Thebes and some other localities shows that the blonde type of mankind 'which is characteristic of north-western See also:Europe had already penetrated into Greek lands before classical times; but the ascription of the same See also:physical traits to the Achaeans of Homer forbids us to regard them as peculiar to that latest See also:wave of pre-classical immigrants to which the Dorians belong; and there is no satisfactory evidence as to the coloration of the Spartans, who alone were reputed to be pure-blooded Dorians in historic times. Language is no better See also:guide, for it is not clear that the Dorian dialect is that of the most recent conquerors, and not rather that of the conquered Achaean inhabitants of southern Greece; in any case it presents no such See also:affinities with any non-Hellenic speech as would serve to trace its origin.

Even in northern and west-central Greece, all vestige of any former prevalence has been obliterated by the spread of " Aeolic " dialects akin to those of Thessaly and Boeotia; even the northern Doris, for example, spoke "Aeolic" in historic times. The doubt already suggested as to language applies still more to such characteristics as Dorian See also:

music and other forms of art, and to Dorian customs generally. It is clear from the traditions about Lycurgus (q.v.), for example, that even the Spartans had been a long while in Laconia before their state was rescued from disorder by his reforms; and if there be truth in the legend that the new institutions were borrowed from Crete, we perhaps have here too a late See also:echo of the legislative fame of the See also:land of See also:Minos. Certainly the Spartans adopted, together with the political traditions of the Heracleids, many old Laconian cults and observances such as those connected with the Tyndaridae. (J. L. M.) See also:DORIA-PAMPHILII-LANDI, a princely See also:Roman family of Genoese extraction. The founder of the See also:house was Ansaldo d'See also:Oria, See also:consul of See also:Genoa in the 12th century, but the See also:authentic pedigree is traced no further back than to See also:Paolo d'Oria (1335). The most famous member of the family was See also:Andrea Doria (q.v.), perpetual See also:censor of Genoa in 1528 and See also:admiral to the See also:emperor See also:Charles V., who was created prince of See also:Melfi (1531) and See also:marquis of Tursi (in the See also:kingdom of See also:Naples) in 1555• The marquisate of Civiez and the See also:county of Cavallamonte were conferred on the family in 1576, the duchy of Tursi in 1594, the principality of See also:Avella in 1607, the duchy of Avigliano in 1613. In 176o the See also:title of Reichsfurst or prince of the See also:Holy Roman See also:Empire was added and attached to the lordship of Torriglia and the marquisate of Borgo See also:San Stefano, together with the qualification of Hochgeboren. That same See also:year the Dorias inherited the fiefs and titles of the house of Pamphilii-Landi of See also:Gubbio, See also:patricians of See also:Rome and princes of San Martino, Valmontano, Val di See also:Toro, Bardi and Corupiano. The Doria-Pamphilii See also:palace in Rome, a splendid edifice, was built in the 17th century, and contains a valuable collection of paintings.

The See also:

Villa Doria-Pamphilii with its gardens is one of the loveliest See also:round Rome. During the See also:siege of 1849 it was See also:Garibaldi's headquarters.

End of Article: DORIANS

Additional information and Comments

where are archeological sites abour "Dorians"? what mean "Hellenes"? "Greece" never exist before 1830 ad. Dorians are Black tribes...they come from Sub-Sahara region... Pluto..."Acropol is Pelasgian city"...Who are Pelasgians? Black Tribes.... big liars about "Greek" civilisation...
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