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ION

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 727 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ION , of See also:

Chios, See also:Greek poet, lived in the See also:age of See also:Pericles. At an See also:early age he went to See also:Athens, where he made the acquaintance of See also:Aeschylus. He was a See also:great admirer of See also:Cimon and an opponent of Pericles. He subsequently met See also:Sophocles in his native See also:island at the See also:time of the Samian See also:war. From See also:Aristophanes (See also:Peace, 83o ff.) it is concluded that he died before the See also:production of that See also:play (421). His first tragedy was produced between 452–449 B.C.; and he was third to See also:Euripides and Iophon in the tragic contest of 429. In a subsequent See also:year he gained both the tragic and dithyrambic prizes, and in See also:honour of his victory gave a See also:jar of Chian See also:wine to every Athenian See also:citizen (See also:Athenaeus p. 3). He is further credited by the scholiast on Aristophanes (loc. cit.) with having composed comedies, dithyrambs, epigrams, paeans, See also:hymns, scolia, encomia and elegies; and he is the reputed author of a philosophical See also:treatise on the mystic number three. His See also:historical or See also:biographical See also:works were five in number, and included an See also:account of the antiquities of Chios and of E2ramulat, recollections of visitors to the island. See C. Nieberding, De Zonis See also:Chin vita (1836, containing the fragments); F.

Allegre, De lone Chia (189o), an exhaustive monograph; and See also:

Bentley, Epistola ad Millium. include bands of See also:quartzite, See also:slate, See also:marble and See also:serpentine. The strike of the rocks is S.W.-N.E. and they are tilted to very high angles. Fronting the See also:Sound is the See also:village of See also:Iona, or Buile Mor, which has two churches and a school. The inhabitants depend partly on See also:agriculture and partly on fishing. The See also:original See also:form of the name Iona was Hy, See also:Hii or I, the Irish for Island. By See also:Adamnan in his See also:Life of St See also:Columba it is called Ioua insula, and the See also:present name Iona is said to have originated in some transcriber mistaking the u in Iona for n. It also received the name of Hii-colum-kill (Icolmkill), that is, " the island of Columba of the See also:Cell," while by the Highlanders it has been known as Innis nan Druidhneah (" the island of the See also:Druids "). This last name seems to imply that Iona was a sacred spot before St Columba landed there in 563 and laid the See also:foundations of his monastery. After this date it quickly See also:developed into the most famous centre of See also:Celtic See also:Christianity, the See also:mother community of numerous monastic houses, whence missionaries were despatched for the See also:conversion of See also:Scotland and See also:northern See also:England, and to which for c ,nturies students flocked from all parts of the See also:north. After St Columba's See also:death the See also:soil of the island was esteemed peculiarly sanctified by the presence of his See also:relics, which rested here until they were removed to See also:Ireland early in the gth See also:century. Pilgrims came from far and near to See also:die in the island, in See also:order that they might See also:lie in its See also:holy ground; and from all parts of northern See also:Europe the bodies of the illustrious dead were brought here for See also:burial.

The fame and See also:

wealth of the monastery, however, sometimes attracted less welcome visitors. Several times it was plundered and burnt and the monks massacred by the See also:heathen Norse See also:sea-rovers. See also:Late in the r 1 th century the desecrated monastery was restored by the saintly See also:Queen See also:Margaret, wife of See also:Malcolm Canmore, See also:king of Scotland; and in 1203 a new monastery and a nunnery were founded by See also:Benedictine monks who either expelled or absorbed the Celtic community. In 838 the Western Isles, then under the See also:rule of the See also:kings of See also:Man, were erected into a bishopric of which Iona was the seat. When in 1098 See also:Magnus III., " Barefoot," king of See also:Norway, ousted the jarls of See also:Orkney from the isles, he See also:united the see of the Isles (Sudreyar, " the See also:southern islands," See also:Lat. Sodorenses insulae) with that of Man, and placed both under the See also:jurisdiction of the archbishopric of See also:Trondhjem. About 1507 the island again became the seat of the bishopric of the Isles; but with the victory of the See also:Protestant party in Scotland its See also:ancient religious See also:glory was finally eclipsed, and in 1561 the monastic buildings were dismantled by, order of the See also:Convention of Estates. (For the See also:political fortunes of Iona see See also:HEBRIDES.) The existing ancient remains include See also:part of the See also:cathedral See also:church of St See also:Mary, of the nunnery of St Mary, St See also:Oran's See also:chapel, and a number of tombs and crosses. The cathedral See also:dates from the 13th century; a great portion of the walls with the See also:tower, about 75 ft. high, are still See also:standing. The See also:choir and See also:nave have been roofed, and the cathedral has in other respects been re-stored, the ruins having been conveyed in 1899 to a See also:body of trustees by the eighth See also:duke of See also:Argyll. The remains of the conventual buildings still extant, to See also:judge by the portion of a See also:Norman See also:arcade, are of earlier date than the cathedral. The small chapel of St Oran, or Odhrain, was built by Queen Margaret on the supposed site of Columba's cell, and its ruins are the See also:oldest in Iona.

Its See also:

round-arched western See also:doorway has the characteristic Norman See also:beak-See also:head ornamentation. Of the nunnery only the See also:chancel and nave of the Norman chapel remain, the last prioress, See also:Anna (d. 1543), being buried within its walls. The See also:cemetery, called in Gaelic Reilig Oiran (" the burial-See also:place of kings "), is said to contain the remains of See also:forty-eight Scottish, four Irish and eight Danish and See also:Norwegian monarchs, and possesses a large number of monumental stones. At the time of the See also:Reformation it is said to have had 36o crosses, of which most were thrown into the sea by order of the See also:synod of Argyll. Many, however, still remain, the finest being Maclean's See also:cross and St See also:Martin's. Both are still almost perfect, and are richly carved with Runic See also:inscriptions, emblematic devices and fanciful See also:scroll See also:work.

End of Article: ION

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