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See also:LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.) , one of the " ten " See also:Attic orators. Through his See also:father, See also:Lycophron, he belonged to the old Attic priestly See also:family of the Eteobutadae. He is said to have been a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil both of See also:Plato and of Isocrates. His See also:early career is unknown, but after the real See also:character of the struggle with See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip of Macedon became See also:manifest he was recognized, with See also:Demosthenes and See also:Hypereides, as one of the chiefs of the See also:national party. He See also:left the care of See also:external relations to his colleagues, and devoted himself to See also:internal organization and See also:finance. He
managed the finances of See also:Athens for twelve successive years (338-326), at first directly as treasurer of the revenues (6 irl i-SLOLKirrEL) for four years, and in two succeeding terms, when the actual See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office was forbidden him by See also:law, through his son and a nominal See also:official chosen from his party. See also:Part of one of the deeds in which he rendered See also:account of his See also:term of office is still preserved in an inscription. During this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he raised the public income from 600 to 1200 talents yearly. He increased the See also:navy, re-paired the See also:dockyards, and completed an See also:arsenal, the o'KEVOB$Krl designed by the architect See also:Philo. He was also appointed to various other offices connected with the preservation and improvement of the See also:city. He was very strict in his superintendence of the public morals, and passed a sumptuary law to restrain extravagance. He did much to beautify the city; he reconstructed the See also:great Dionysiac See also:theatre and the gymnasium in the See also:Lyceum, and erected the Panathenaic See also:stadium on the Ilissus. He is mentioned as the proposer of five See also:laws, of which the most famous was that statues of the three great tragedians should be erected in the theatre, and that their See also:works should be carefully edited and preserved among the See also:state archives. For his services he was honoured with crowns, statues and a seat in the See also:town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall; and after his See also:death his friend Stratocles See also:drew up a See also:decree (still extant in pseudo-See also:Plutarch, Vit. dec. orat. p. 851; see also E. L. See also:Hicks, See also:Greek See also:Historical See also:Inscriptions, 1st ed., No. 145), ordering the erection of a statue of See also:bronze to Lycurgus, and granting the honours of the See also:Prytaneum to his eldest son. He was one of the orators whose surrender was demanded by See also:Alexander the Great, but the See also:people refused to give him up. He died while See also:president of the theatre of See also:Dionysus, and was buried on the road leading to the See also:Academy at the expense of the state.
Lycurgus was a See also:man of See also:action; his orations, of which fifteen were published, are criticized by the ancients for their awkward arrangement, harshness of See also:style, and the tendency to digressions about See also:mythology and See also:history, although their See also:noble spirit and lofty morality are highly praised. The one extant example, Against Leocrates, fully bears out this See also:criticism. After the See also:battle of See also:Chaeroneia (338), in spite of the decree which forbade See also:emigration under See also:pain of death, Leocrates had fled from Athens. On his return (probably about 332) he was impeached by Lycurgus, but acquitted, the votes of the See also:judges being equally divided.
The speech has been frequently edited. Editio princeps (Aldine, 1513) ; F. G. Kiessling (1847) with M. H. E. Meier's commentary on pseudo- Plutarch's See also:Life of Lycurgus and the fragments of his speeches; C. Rehdantz (1876) ; T. Thalheim (188o) ; C. Scheibe (1885) ; F. See also:Blass (ed. See also:major, 1889), with bibliography of See also:editions and articles (ed. See also:minor, 1902); E. Sofer (See also:Leipzig, 1905), with notes and introd. There is an See also:index to See also:Andocides, Lycurgus and See also:Dinarchus by L. L. See also:Forman (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1897). The exhaustive See also:treatise of F. Durrbach, L'Orateur Lycurgue (189o), contains a See also:list of the most important See also:review articles on the See also:financial and See also:naval See also:administration of Lycurgus and on his public works; see also C. Droege, De Lycurgo publicarum pecuniarum administratore (See also:Minden, 188o). Several fragments of his various laws have been preserved in inscriptions (Corpus inscriptionum atlicarum, ii. 162, 163, 173, 176, 18o). On the history of the See also:period see authorities under DEMOSTHENES.
End of Article: LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
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