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MINDEN , a See also:town of See also:Germany, in the Prussian See also:province of See also:Westphalia, 44 M. by See also:rail to the W.S.W. of See also:Hanover, on the See also:left See also:bank of the See also:Weser, which is spanned by two See also:bridges. Pop. (1905), 25,428. The older parts of the town retain their narrow and crooked streets. The See also:cathedral See also:tower dating from the r ith See also:century, illustrates the first step in the growth of the See also:Gothic See also:spire in Germany. The See also:nave was erected at the end of the 13th century, and the See also:choir in 1377-1379. Among the See also:chief edifices are the old See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin; the town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, with a Gothic See also:facade; the See also:law courts and the See also:government offices, constructed, like many of the other buildings, of a See also:peculiar veined See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown See also:sandstone found in the See also:district. The town has a statue of See also:Frederick See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William I., the See also:great elector of See also:Brandenburg. Minden contains a gymnasium and several hospitals, besides other charitable institutions. Its See also:industries include See also:linen and See also:cotton See also:weaving, See also:dyeing, See also:calico See also:printing, See also:brewing, See also:ship-See also:building and the manufacture of See also:tobacco, See also:glass, See also:soap, See also:chocolate, See also:leather, lamps, See also:chicory and chemicals. There is also some activity in the building of small See also:craft.
Minden (Mindun, Mindo), apparently a trading See also:place of some importance in the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:Charlemagne, was made the seat of a See also:bishop by that monarch, and subsequently became a flourishing member of the Hanseatic See also:League. In the 13th century it was surrounded with walls. Punished by military occupation and a See also:fine for its reception of the See also:Reformation, Minden underwent similar trials in the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War. In 1648 the bishopric was converted into a See also:secular principality under the elector of Brandenburg. From 1807 to 1814 Minden was included in the See also:kingdom of Westphalia, and in the latter See also:year it passed to See also:Prussia. In 1816 the fortifications, which had been razed by Frederick the Great after the Seven Years' War, were restored and strengthened, and as a fortress of the second See also:rank it remained the chief military place of Westphalia down to 1873, when the See also:works were finally demolished. About 3 M. to the See also:south of Minden is the so-called " Porta Westfalica," a narrow See also:defile by which the Weser quits the mountains. The bishopric of Minden embraced an See also:area of about 400 sq. m. and had about 70,000 inhabitants.
The See also:battle of Minden was fought on the 1st of See also:August 1759 between the Anglo-Allied See also:army commanded by See also:duke See also:Ferdinand of See also:Brunswick and the See also:French under See also:Marshal Coutades, the latter being defeated. The most brilliant See also:episode of the battle was the entire defeat of the French See also:cavalry by the See also:British See also:infantry (with whom there were some Hanoverian troops), but Minden, though it is one of the brightest days in the See also:history of the British army, has its dark See also:side also, for the British cavalry See also:commander See also:Lord See also:George See also:Sackville (see SACKVILLE, See also:VISCOUNT) refused to obey the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to advance, several times sent by Duke Ferdinand, and thereby robbed the victory of the decisive results which were to be expected from the success of the infantry. For an See also:account of the battle and of the See also:campaign of which it is the centre, see SEVEN YEARS' WAR.
See Stoy, Kurzer Abriss der Geschichte Mindens (Minden, 1879); Bolische, Skizzen aus Mindens Vergangenheit (Minden, 1897); Holscher, Beschreibung See also:des vormaligen Bistumes Minden (See also:Munster, 1877).
End of Article: MINDEN
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