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southern corner buttresses of Parthenium and Lycaeum to more than 5000 ft., this inland plateau is again divided by numerous subsidiary ranges. In eastern or " locked " Arcadia these heights run in parallel courses intersected by See also:

CROSS

cross-ridges, enclosing a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of upland plains whose See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters have no See also:

EGRESS (Lat. egressus, going out)

egress See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save by underground channels or zerethra. The western See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is more open, with isolated mountain-See also:

groups and winding valleys, where the See also:

ALPHEUS ('AAdseaos; mod. Ruphia)

Alpheus with its tributaries the Ladon and Erymanthus drains off in a complex See also:

RIVER

river-See also:

SYSTEM

system the overflow from all Arcadia. The See also:

ancient inhabitants were a nation of shepherds and huntsmen, worshipping See also:

Pan, See also:

Hermes and See also:

ARTEMIS

Artemis, See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive nature-deities. The difficulties of communication and especially the lack of a seaboard seriously hindered intercourse with the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Greece. Consequently the same See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, whose origins See also:

Greek tradition removed back into the See also:

WORLD

world's earliest days, held the See also:

LAND

land throughout historic times, without even an admixture of Dorian immigrants. Their customs and See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect persisted, the latter maintaining a See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar resemblance to that of the equally conservative Cypriotes. Thus Arcadia lagged behind the See also:

general development of Greece, and its See also:

POLITICAL

political importance was small owing to chronic feuds between the townships (notably between See also:

MANTINEIA, or MANTINEA

Mantineia and See also:

TEGEA

Tegea) and the readiness of its youth for See also:

MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary service abroad. The importance of Arcadia in Greek See also:

HISTORY

history was due to its position between See also:

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta and the See also:

ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

Isthmus. Unable to force their way through Argolis, the Lacedaemonians See also:

early set them-selves to secure the passage through the central plateau.

The resistance of single cities, and the temporary See also:

union of the Arcadians during the second Messenian See also:

war, did not defer the See also:

COMPLETE

complete subjugation of the land beyond the 6th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. In later times revolts were easily stirred up among individual cities, but a See also:

UNITED

united See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

MOVEMENT

movement was rarely concerted. Most of these rebellions were easily quelled by Sparta, though in 469 and again in 420 the disaffected cities, backed by See also:

ARGOS

Argos, formed a dangerous See also:

COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition and came near to establishing their inde- See also:

ARCADIUS 341 pendence. A more whole-hearted See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at union in 371 after the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

LEUCTRA

Leuctra resulted in the formation of a political See also:

LEAGUE

league out of an old religious See also:

synod, and the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a federal See also:

capital in a commanding strategic position (see MEGALO-voL1s). But a severe defeat at the hands of Sparta in 368 (the " tearless battle ") and the recrudescence of See also:

INTERNAL

internal discord soon paralysed this movement. The new fortress of See also:

MEGALOPOLIS

Megalopolis, instead of supplying a centre of national See also:

LIFE

life, merely accentuated the mutual See also:

JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the cities. During the Hellenistic See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age Megalopolis stood staunchly by See also:

MACEDONIA

Macedonia; the rest of Arcadia rebelled against See also:

ANTIPATER (398?-319 B.C.)

Antipater (330, 323) and Antigonus Gonatas (266). Similarly the various cities were divided in their See also:

ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance between the Achaean and the Aetolian leagues, with the result that Arcadia became the battleground of these confederacies, or See also:

fell a See also:

PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to Sparta and Macedonia. These conflicts seem to have worn out the land, which already in See also:

ROMAN

Roman times had fallen into decay. An influx of See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic settlers in the 8th century A.D. checked the depopulation for a while, but Arcadia suffered severely from the See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant quarrels of its Frankish barons (1205–1460). The succeeding centuries of See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

RULE

rule, combined with an Albanian See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration, raised the prosperity of the land, but in the See also:

WARS

Wars of See also:

Independence the strategic importance of Arcadia once more made it a centre of conflict. In See also:

MODERN

modern times the population remains sparse, and pending the complete restoration of the See also:

WATER

water conduits the See also:

SOIL

soil is unproductive.

The modern See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Arcadia extends to the Gulf of See also:

NAUPLIA

Nauplia with a See also:

sea-coast of about 40 M.

End of Article: ARCADIA

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