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HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 838 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum) , an See also:ancient See also:Greek See also:city on the S.W. See also:coast of See also:Caria, See also:Asia See also:Minor, on a picturesque and advantageous site on the Ceramic Gulf or Gulf of See also:Cos. It originally occupied only the small See also:island of Zephyria See also:close to the See also:shore, now occupied by the See also:great See also:castle of St See also:Peter, built by the Knights of See also:Rhodes in 1404; but in course of See also:time this island was See also:united to the mainland and the city extended so as to incorporate Salmacis, an older See also:town of the See also:Leleges and Carians. About the See also:foundation of Halicarnassus various traditions were current; but they agree in the See also:main point as to its being a Dorian See also:colony, and the figures on its coins, such as the See also:head of See also:Medusa, See also:Athena and See also:Poseidon, or the See also:trident; support the statement that the See also:mother cities were Troezen and See also:Argos. The inhabitants appear to have accepted as their legendary founder Anthes, mentioned by See also:Strabo, and were proud of the See also:title of Antheadae. At an See also:early See also:period Halicarnassus was a member of the Doric Hexapolis, which included Cos, See also:Cnidus, Lindus, Camirus and Ialysus; but one of the citizens, Agasicles, having taken See also:home the See also:prize See also:tripod which he had won in the Triopian See also:games instead of dedicating it according to See also:custom to the Triopian See also:Apollo, the city was cut off from the See also:league. In the early 5th See also:century Halicarnassus was under the sway of See also:Artemisia, who made herself famous at the See also:battle of See also:Salamis. Of Pisindalis, her son and successor, little is known; but Lygdamis, who next attained to See also:power, is notorious for having put to See also:death the poet See also:Panyasis and caused See also:Herodotus, the greatest of Halicarnassians, to leave his native city (c. 457 B.c.). In the 5th century B.C. Halicarnassus and other Dorian cities of Asia were to some extent absorbed by the Delian League, but the See also:peace of See also:Antalcidas in 387 made them subservient to See also:Persia; and it was under See also:Mausolus, a See also:Persian See also:satrap who assumed See also:independent authority, that Halicarnassus attained its highest prosperity. Struck by the natural strength and beauty of its position, Mausolus removed to Halicarnassus from Mylasa, increasing the See also:population of the city by the inhabitants of six towns of the Leleges.

He was succeeded by Artemisia, whose military ability was shown in the stratagem by which she captured the Rhodian vessels attacking her city, and whose magnificence and See also:

taste have been perpetuated by the " See also:Mausoleum," the See also:monument she erected to her See also:husband's memory (see MAUSOLUS). One of her successors, Pixodarus, tried to ally himself with the rising power of Macedon, and is said to have gained the momentary consent of the See also:young See also:Alexander to wed his daughter. The See also:marriage, however, was forbidden by See also:Philip. Alexander, as soon as he had reduced See also:Ionia, summoned Halicarnassus, where See also:Memnon, the See also:paramount satrap of Asia Minor, had taken See also:refuge with the Persian See also:fleet, to surrender; and on its refusal took the city after hard fighting and devastated it, but not being able to reduce the citadel, was forced to leave it blockaded. He handed the See also:government of the city back to the See also:family of Mausolus, as represented by Ada, See also:sister of the latter. Not See also:long afterwards we find the citizens receiving the See also:present of a gymnasium from See also:Ptolemy, and See also:building in his See also:honour a See also:stoa or See also:portico; but the city never recovered altogether from the disasters of the See also:siege, and See also:Cicero describes it as almost deserted. The site is now occupied in See also:part by the town of Budrum; but the ancient walls can still be traced See also:round nearly all their See also:circuit, and the position of several of the temples, the See also:theatre, and other public buildings can be fixed with certainty. From the ruins of the Mausoleum sufficient has been recovered by the excavations carried out in 1857 by C. T. See also:Newton to enable a fairly See also:complete restoration of its See also:design to be made. The building consisted of five parts—a See also:basement or See also:podium, a See also:pteron or enclosure of columns, a See also:pyramid, a See also:pedestal and a See also:chariot See also:group. The basement, covering an See also:area of 114 ft. by 92, was built of blocks of greenstone and cased with See also:marble.

Round the See also:

base of it were probably disposed See also:groups of statuary. The pteron consisted (according to See also:Pliny) of See also:thirty-six columns of the Ionic See also:order, enclosing a square See also:cella. Between the columns probably stood single statues. From the portions that have been recovered, it appears that the See also:principal See also:frieze of the pteron represented combats of Greeks and See also:Amazons. In addition to these, there are also many See also:life-See also:size fragments of animals, See also:horse-men, &c., belonging probably to pedimental sculptures, but formerly supposed to be parts of minor friezes. Above the pteron See also:rose the pyramid, mounting by 24 steps to an See also:apex or pedestal. On this apex stood the chariot with the figure of Mausolus himself and an attendant. The height of the statue of Mausolus in the See also:British Museum is 9 ft. 91 in. without the See also:plinth. The See also:hair rising from the forehead falls thick waves on each See also:side of the See also:face and. descends nearly to the See also:shoulder; the See also:beard is See also:short and close, the face square and massive, the eyes deep set under overhanging brows, the mouth well formed with settled See also:calm about the lips. The drapery is grandly composed. All sorts of restorations of this famous monument have been proposed.

The See also:

original one, made by Newton and Pullan, is obviously in See also:error in many respects; and that of See also:Oldfield, though to be preferred for its lightness (the Mausoleum was said anciently to be " suspended in See also:mid-See also:air "), does not satisfy the conditions postulated by the remains. The best on the whole is that of the See also:veteran See also:German architect, F. See also:Adler, published in 1900; but fresh studies have since been made (see below). See C. T. Newton and R. P. Pullan, See also:History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus (1862–1863); J. See also:Fergusson, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus restored (1862) ; E. Oldfield, " The Mausoleum," in .4rchaeologia (1895); F. Adler, Mausoleum zu Halikarnass (1900); J. P.

Six in Journ. See also:

Hell. Studies (19o5); W. B. Dinsmoor, in Amer. Journ. of See also:Arch. (1908) ; J. J. See also:Stevenson, A Restoration of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (19o9); J. B. K. Preedy, " The Chariot Group of the Mausoleum," in Journ.

Hell. See also:

Stud., 191o. (D. G.

End of Article: HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

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